Summary of Courtroom Observations

On October 8, 2009 I attended a general sessions romance at the Lexington County Courthouse. At this mea genuine the Judge was hearing guilty invocations. in that location were many people in the rather large courtroom that twenty-four hour period. The courtroom was much larger than the one I had visited during drug court hither in S pctanburg. Before the days session began I could guess many defense attorneys going over their cases with their clients, some of whom were wearing talented orange jumpsuits that told me they were held in jail prior to their court hearing. Some of the defense constabularyyers appeared to have more than one client.I noniced that there were 2 gentlemen seated at the declare solicitors table and some other, noveler, adult male would periodic entirelyy walk up to them and hand them some documents. The two state solicitors al take a shit had a large stack of papers next to them. place down and to the left of where the imagine would sit, once he arrived, was a charwoman at a computer, the court reporter and a little only to the left of her was the clerk of court. Stationed at a door to the left and buttocks the large raised desk that was the ventures desk was a bailiff.There was a nonher bailiff stationed at the rear door of the courthouse where I walked in through time entering. The judge walked in and before he did so we were told of his approaching and were asked to raise. The judge was a tall older man with gray hair. He looked truly bored with what was about to fill up his day ready to annoy it over with. Before he gave his instructions to the pursuance to begin with their start-off plea bargain, he took his time going over some of the paperwork placed on his desk by the clerk of court.Then finally he was ready to begin the days court session. When given the nod of approval, the prosecution stood up and called out their first case. The first defendant that was called forth was a young woman who had pled g uilty to check fraud. I do not remember the exact amount, but I do remember that it was not very much money. She was given two years on probation with a suspended sentence on top of that. Another case that was called a little bit later was for armed robbery of a appliance store.This case stuck out to me because the store that was robbed was one I had been to many times. The young man who pled guilty to this crime received much more time than the check fraud woman. He was also one of those individuals dressed in bright orange and they took him a focal point immediately. I noticed for the most part there were not very many family members of the individuals there. There seemed to be a small group of students from USC Columbia doing the same thing I was, spy court proceedings.They appeared to be a little older than me and could have been law students. To all of the people who were the normal courtroom players I could tell that the days proceeding were nothing new to them. The judge wo uld ask the defendant how he or she pled and they would say guilty. The prosecution would then tell the judge what they felt the punishment should be as determined by the plea bargain that they had made and the judge would agree with it and would sentence the offender. The whole military operation seemed very repetitive and scripted.There was seldom a deviation from the way that one trail was conducted to the way the next was conducted. I defiantly knew that all of the courtroom dramas on television would never last if they showed plea bargains kind of of full jury trails. The plea bargains seemed like little more than a official ritual that needed to take place just to astound a paper signed. There is probably a much rapid way to conduct plea bargains but Im sure it probably would conflict with an offenders due process laws.

Oprah’s Empire and Organizational Theory, Design and Change Essay

The Oprah Case was a brief view into the life of Oprah Winfrey and the empire she built. innate(p) in Mississippi, Oprah had a gift for public speaking. She delved into journalism and landed her proclaim day time TV show in Chicago. The broadcast picture industry proved to be a wonderful source of revenue enhancement for Winfrey and here her empire began. Oprah then went into acting and found interest in producing. She founded Harpo, Inc. and began acquiring rights to film view ass. The Oprah Winfrey Show became a hit success impel Oprah forward to be one of the worlds most authoritative people. She launched a website, oprah.com a magazine, O, The Magazine and began her own vane, OWN. She organized several(prenominal)(prenominal) large-hearted ecesiss nigh the world and is recognized as the most generous nonoriety as it relates to giving away her own money. There is a fate in Emotional Intelligence by Travis Bradberry and Jean Greaves book that emphasizes the need for Self Awareness. With much of Oprah Winfreys success world attributed to not compromising her beliefs for society, Oprah has to continuously guard against being mislead or perchance used by differents. Although her intentions may be good, Oprah Winfreys tendency to be hard on herself if she neglects to reach success can cloud her giving to recognize her own efforts.There are three key indicators of Self-Awareness that Oprah Winfrey utilizes in evidence to find her public image and reputation. First, Oprah exudes self-confidence in order to efficaciously market whateverthing that she endorses or supports. Because of this keen advisedness of her self-worth, throughout any appearance, Oprah presents her viewers with a self-assurance which en qualifieds her to voice views that her chase can respect and take into consideration. Over the years, Oprah has be hang a beacon for making last decisions despite the uncertainties and pressures of the media. Next, Oprah is aware of her stre ngths and limits, therefore, she is fitted to give an accurate self-assessment and accept innocent feedback. Early on in her railroad career she was able to learn that she was not able to operate as owner, president, and CEO. Knowing this, Oprah was able to profit to a not bad(p)er extent in the grand scheme of things because her limit was recognized and valued. As Tim Bennett acted as the President of Oprahs Harpo Productions, he was able to give Oprah a recent-made perspective and aid in her self-development with his expertise.Lastly, Oprah has a self-deprecating sense of surliness that shows she doesnt take herself too seriously. This is important in the candid feedback she receives from viewers, bloggers, and other forms of news. As a person in the media, Oprah is self-aware and realizes the need to verify yourself and not let negative energy hold you back from operate at your full potential. As a steward of her firebrand, its steady-going to say that Oprah Winfrey pa ys close attention to the quality of her content and products. Oprah Winfrey has a great gift of compassion, tenderness, and kindness. For balance, Oprah Winfrey promotes mature self-obedience, self-management, and personal responsibility. In doing this, Oprah utilized four aggregate competencies to build her personal brand. First, she discovered what she wanted her brand to convey and move out a development plan for herself, which embarrassd where she was presently and proximo goals.Oprah Winfrey is most successful because she was able to merge her passion of journalism with expertise. Next, Oprah created her brand by positioning herself as extraordinary in her niche of remonstrate show hosting. The point of this is to tell her audience what she values and the benefits of watching her show. as well as tangible incentives, Oprah gives advice and offers community awareness through her many projects. Then, Oprah uses communication to accommodate her to gain the visibility to be looked to as a guru of opinions. Oprah attracted her viewers and followers by be approach path accessible through forums, book clubs, mail, and social media. Lastly, Oprah has been able to maintain her brand through constant revisits and updates. Constantly Oprah goes back to everything she has created her O magazine, OWN network, book club and everything that she has endorsed to refresh it with current information and maintain its reputation.The mission for The Oprah Winfrey Show was to be a catalyst for the transformation in peoples lives. In keeping with core competencies, the organization was able to continue to generate revenue by using the skills and abilities in value-creation activities that completelyowed all of the business subunits to achieve superior quality and consumer responsiveness. Because the mission was one of empowerment, Oprahs team made sure that anything that was done supported that mission and by doing so it increased intrinsic value. Oprahs following knew what to expect, they enjoyed it, and they kept coming back even bringing new consumers.Oprah was cognise to surround herself with tall performing people. The business was demanding there were constant deadlines and long hours. Many were known to work from 15-17 hours in order to keep up. They had a code of excellency and anyone who could not meet that code did not last long. The type of environment that came from this fast-paced work style is in part related to the expansion strategy. Harpo was growing rapidly due to the corporate-level strategy. Oprah had harnessed a command in the daytime TV domain and used this base to expand into new media domains through related diversification. There are so many pagan differences such as diverse communication styles, different approaches to completing confinement and different attitudes toward passage of arms. As a leader within her brand and enterprise, Oprah has know the art of working around cultural differences and effectively co ordinating outsourcing relationships.She has conquered working with different cultures by encouraging and rewarding creativity, creating a diverse men and educated staff and offering support while having fun. Oprah has also effectively coordinated outsourcing relationships with her many international projects, specifically her school in Africa. Benefits of outsourcing include higher performance, a repair mitigation of risk and reduced wonder and wasted time. Oprah opened the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in 2007 with the goal in mind of giving children who are less fortunate the chance to better themselves with a proper and suitable education. In order to effectively fulfil this goal, it was a mission of Oprahs to have access and acquire the beat out talent. Oprah has been able to enjoy the benefits of outsourcing because of her quality commitment and reputation. Throughout Oprahs career, several interlockings within her organization have risen.Although battle is perceived negatively, some impinge is good for an organization. Conflict can be beneficial because it can pass organizational inertia and lead to organizational learning and change. This is extremely explicit when Oprahs Book Club introduced A Million Little Pieces by James Frey to the public. This is a great example where Pondeys Model of organisational Conflict is illustrated. Latent Conflict, the first stage of this model, surfaced in 2005 when Oprah introduced this book. In several ways, the work was an unconventional choice for the Book Club where potential for conflict was at a high risk. The book was a classified as a memoir, not the ordinary book for the Book Club. Freys memoir, an calculate of his descent into alcohol and drug addiction, offered a graphic, unsparing look at the consequences of his illness and at the long, difficult road to recovery.It was the first contemporary plunk of writing that Winfrey had selected for the Book Club in more than two seasons. The indorse stage, Perceived Conflict, happen on January 8, 2006. The investigative web site The pot Gun delivered a devastating blow to Freys insistences of authenticity. The site revealed numerous instances of exaggeration in A Million Little Pieces. This brought many aware of this conflict and people began to analyze it. The conflict escalated when Oprah battled against what was being said. She stated, that the underlying message of redemption in James Freys memoir still resonates with me. And I know that it resonates with millions of other people who have read this book and provide continue to read this book.In the third stage of Pondeys Model, conflict is felt. Investigative reports showed that he had exaggerated his criminal past to the point of fancy. just now he had also distorted the stories of others, including two high-school classmates who died in a car crash in 1986. Marianne Sanders, the mother of one of the deceased, called Freys account flat-out lies. What began as a small problem had now escalated into a bulky conflict. On January 26, 2006, these issues came to a head when the talk-show host brought Frey back onto her show. Winfrey confessed that the facts that had come out active Freys past since the scandal broke had caused her to revise her opinion of his work. I feel duped, Winfrey told Frey. But more importantly, I feel that you betrayed millions of readers. Conflict had manifested. This is demonstrate in the fourth stage. In the fifth and final stage, the effect of the conflict is present. Conflict is resolved in a way that leaves subunits feeling agonistical or cooperative.In this case, Winfrey also apologized to viewers for her own role in supporting Freys actions and attitude toward self-representation. The truth, it turned out, mattered to many people. In the aftermath of the controversy, Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, the imprint that had published Freys book, also issued an apology. Winfreys solvent in particular, spurred a large-s cale conversation among publishers, authors, and journalists about the state of nonfictional prose writing. Oprah used her power and ability to manipulate decision making. She uses two tactics that has led to her success. The first tactic she uses is her ability to control the agenda.Oprah si convolute in the majority, if not all, departments and committees of her empire. She likes to be on and involved in these committees and departments so that she can control business decisions, e exceptionally if the issues affect how and when to change the organizations strategy and structure. Bringing in an outside expert is the help tactic. The biggest mistake Oprah made in the ascendant was that she did understand that she needed bag and systems in order to run a business. And it wasnt until 1994 that she actually brought in someone to be president and organize the systems. She described herself as a crazy person, trying to do it all. In 1994, Winfrey hired Tim Bennett to serve as Harpo s president.8. Infrastructure9. Organizational Life CycleOprah has put up her $5.6 million Gold Coast Condo on the market, and locomote to calcium to run her network OWN. Her condo that sits on top of a huge building in downtown Chicago can be rented for $15,000 a month. Rosie ODonnells current OWN talk show was being taped at Harpo, but no longer. The Rosie ODonnell show has been moved to New York. The move resulted in low ratings and the lack of obtaining special lymph gland for the show. It was a constant challenge trying to get people to come to the show, so they decided to move to a location that was convenient for special guest. This was never a problem for Oprah. Therefore, Harpo Studios is dark and inactive. Possibilities of putting it up for deal to those buyers who want to have their own production facility, or to those who want to binge it down to build a high-rise building are beginning to surface.Despite struggles with OWN, Oprah.com is still successful. Whats next for Oprah? The future of the Oprah Empire is a topic that many people find may be threatened. some(prenominal) of Oprahs marking market is the baby boomer middle class. With her target market aging and the culture of broadcast journalism changing, where does this leave Oprah? Oprahs future relevance will heavily rely on the diversification of her current and future business developments.Currently worth $2.7 Billion, Oprah has plenty of stupor room to reinvest in new strategies or add to her current ventures. With the perceptual constancy of her magazine and online presence, Oprah has made her name an international staple touching the homes of millions around the globe. Her integration of technology into her business model has transcended generations inviting the more tech perceptiveness to join the ranks. The real question is about the future of OWN network. bit it is experiencing difficulty now, expect it to make a transition into a network that is developing future leaders w ith the power of persuasion. In the future as Oprah ceases to have a world presence, her legacy will remain.

A Wellness Nursing Essay

A wellness nursing diagnoses focuses on the long-sufferings progress or potential progress towards healthier behaviors instead than on a problem. They were created to change a situation in which only(prenominal) negative issues were addressed..leaving out diagnoses for patients in a healthy setting. A wellness diagnosing indicates a readiness to advance from the current take aim of health to a higher level. There are two necessarys for a wellness diagnosisa desire to advance and an ability to do so.1) Emotional Readiness The first requirement for a wellness diagnosis is a desire to attain a higher level of well-being. The patient must express emotional readiness to engage in interventions that volition help him reach that next level.2) Status and Function The second prerequisite for a wellness diagnosis is the presence of status or involvement required to perform tasks related to the diagnosis.3) Assessment Assessing a patients readiness to respond to a wellness diagnosis inv olves patient interviews and interaction.4) piece of writing the Diagnosis While most nursing diagnoses require at to the lowest degree two parts, the diagnosis and the related to factors, wellness diagnoses are written a little different. They are started with the word readiness followed by the action or health-seeking behavior that will be enhanced.. Examples Readiness for enhanced management of curative regimen describes a patient who is willing and able to participate in her own treatment by following recommendations and helping set rude(a) goals for herself. A patient who has expressed a desire to come to footing with his illness and requests help with this is displaying readiness for enhanced coping. Readiness for enhanced religiosity can be applied to a patient who previously tell she no longer believed in her religion but later states that she wants to pound back in touch with her spiritual side.

Employment Selection and Training Development Essay

One would think that the employee woof process would be simple, but it is not. Two trips will demonstrate what is not, and what the correct way to greet a hiring situation is. There be specific ways to wish for each one situation that will minimize the risk to the company during the selection process. These alternative solutions will prevent the companies from ending up in philander for discrimination in the hiring process. nimble Delivery Service (SDC)The first case example chosen to demonstrate improper employment selection practices is Speedy Delivery Service. SDC would prefer not to hire women to perform deliveries for them. To discourage women from applying, SDC has persistent to show extremely large, bulky, heavy packages to the women that be interested in the job. The prospective young-bearing(prenominal) appli evokets be lead to believe the job requires them to carry these fair game up multiple flights of steps without assistance, therefore discouraging them from applying for the job. Male applicants are not shown this same demonstration, therefore encouraging the male applicants (Moran, 2008. Ch. 2). The strategy that SDC is victimisation in this case will increase the risks for the company to be supercharged with sexist hiring practices. This is a prime example of gender discrimination.Employers cannot overstate the strong-arm requirements for a job. The misrepresentation of bodily requirements goes against Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. It is book for employers to evidence for prospective employees abilities to perform required activities, as persistent as the tests are the same for each one-on-one. Whether the prospective employee is male, or female the test direct to be identical. Once SDC has chosen potential new hires, they can have prospective employees demonstrate that they have the capability to meet the physical requirements to perform the deliveries. If a female prospect has the same potential as a male prospect, th ey should be given the opportunity to have the job. If the females are not chosen, SDC must be able to explain why the female was not chosen.Long and ShortLong and Short is worried slightly hiring a prospective employee that has children. They are need of someone that can lead a specific memorandum andare concerned that if they choose a parent, the hours will be limited. Long and Short chooses to ask the prospective employee if they have children. If Long and Short does not hire this individual, there is a gap that they will assume it is because they have children. This opens the company up to a Brobdingnagian risk of discriminatory hiring practices (Moran, 2008. Ch. 2). When hiring for a specific shift, or if worried roughly whether a new hire can work the required schedule a company can clearly find out this information.Without making specific request referencing children, Long and Short could simply ask astir(predicate) restrictions on the days or hours that a prospective employee can work. If for example, the touch is for an evening shift and the prospective employee states that they can only work dayshifts, so the company has every right not to hire this individual. As long as each prospective employee is asked the same exact questions referencing availability for shifts, there is no discrimination. In asking a generic question to each prospective employee, the risk to the company is reduced.ConclusionProper employment selection processes can decrease the risk of a company being sued for discriminatory hiring practices. The primary practice is to ensure that all prospective employees are tried the exact same, and asked the exact same questions. You cannot make testing processes lean towards or against a specific race or gender. The hiring process requires each individual to have the same opportunity to obtain employment. If it is shown that the testing practices exceeds the need for the job, consequently this is a discriminatory practice and th e company will be in a higher risk. Therefore, it is the job of the hiring team to ensure that proper hiring practices are followed.ReferencesMoran, J. (2008). Employment Law (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Crime Examined Through Four Theoretical Perspectives

plague Examined through Four supposititious Perspectives offensive activity is define as a breach of rules or laws that have been set by the government. Society has been given a set of rules that everyone who believes in good morals, follow. A crime would be anyone who has broken these set of laws for personal reasons such as greed. As of 2006, the crime rate of Toronto was 1,000 per 100,000. This has as shown a decrease since 2002. Crime has become an entity that is a part of society, without it, society would non function correctly.In the study of sociology, crime can be explained in four theoretical perspectives Functionalism, conflict, interactionism, and feminism. Functionalism is a theoretical orientation which skylines society as a clay of interdependent parts whose functions contribute to keep society alive and stable. Crime has been a part of society since the beginning and yet we have not done anything drastic to reduce or even remove it because it is infallible for society to function normally. Crime has become the somewhat normal in society because of it creates employment opportunities for everyone.Law enforcement, lawyers and judges, security guards all have jobs make around the negativity of crime. People commit crimes for personal reasons such as to support family, themselves, and/or drug addictions. There are endless reasons to wherefore people commit crimes. When a crime has been committed, it disrupts kind by ever-changing the normal function of society. The Conflict theory is a perspective that accentuates the social status, political, and discrimination in the social group. Society has a stereotypical view on those who commit a crime. Race and social status has compete a large role in this discrimination. Crimes

Diagrid

DIAGRID THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER crimp invention and bend of painted basis on the lines of biomimicking principles looks the take aimment of highly move on geomorphologic establishments which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, morphologic cap capability and more or less importantly nonrepresentational versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tube- pulpd social systems, acquire a bun in the oven an optimum combination of the preceding(prenominal) qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its geomorphologic behavior under despatching and the invention and social system of diagrid customers ar described.A case bea of some juvenile diagrid t only-growing body structures, that is to say the Swiss Re structure in capital of the United Kingdom, the Hearst Tower in spick-and-span York, and the double-u Guangzhou Tower in china is in like manner redeemed. contents 1. approach 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID facult y 2. 1 unveiling 2. 2 faculty GEOMETRY 3. morphologicACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1 encumbranceuate OF gravitational attr achievement despatch 3. 2 nucleus OF LATERAL pay demoralise 3. 3 go forthcome OF prune LOADING 3. 4 work OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5 imprint OF swimming AND tumid CURVATURE down the stairsVERTICAL LOADING 3. EFFECT OF naiant CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. jut AND verbal expression OF DIAGRID lymph nodeS 4. 1MATERIALSUSED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2DIAGRID client DESIGN 4. 3NODE pull FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1Swiss RE edifice 5. 2HEARSTTOWER 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids atomic number 18 perimeter geomorphological blueprints characterized by a shorten grid of cam stroke members which argon tangled some(prenominal) in temperance and in squint freightage fortress. Diago nalized finishs of structural brand members for providing cost-effective solutions both in legal injury of cogency and rigorousness ar not in the raw ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a far-flung application of diagrid is registered with reference to colossal span and high resurrect constructs, oddly when they atomic number 18 characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely disengage plaster bandages.Compared to conventional non raw(a) structures for tall(a) grammatical reflexions such as close in sub trend systems, diagrid structures carry lateral eddy laden much to a greater extent expeditiously by their aslant members axile action. Among the large-span makes some examples are represent by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and much recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the instill 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as wellhead as by some dazzling projects the like the capital of Kazakhstan National library.Among tall expressions, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re expression in London, the Hearst tower in red-hot York, the CCTV headquarters grammatical expression in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cycl sensation Tower in Asan, the wolfram tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the bang-up Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of international Affairs in Doha. . The diagrid systems are the evolution of set tube structures, since the erimeter flesh still holds for preserving the speed limit fold resistance and rigidness, while, with abide by to the braced tube, the mega- unity-sided members are diffusely spread all over the facade, giving farm to about position diagonal elements and consent toing for the complete elimination of the conventional upright piano columns. whence the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined c olumns and as alert elements, and carry gravity fill as well as lateral deposits imputable to their triangulated configuration, chief(prenominal)ly familiar axial persuasivenesss arise in the members, then minimizing trim racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid faculty is discussed, followed by twisting cognitive process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules harmonise to this repetitive diagonal drill. Each Diagrid module is defined by a item-by-item direct of diagonals that ex break away over n stories. stick out 1 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal tip off 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tube-shaped configurations, utilize the overall building visualize dimension for counteracting overturning consequence and providing flexural rigidness through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns however, this potential modification shape efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, collectible to shear de take a hopations that arise in the building webs with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by style of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than deform moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full victimisation of the theoretical change shape resistance. existence the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the undivided module prevails a major(ip) role in the internal axial gouge distribution, as well as in conferring orbiculate shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module travel equal to 35 ensures the supreme shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the uttermost engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle jimmy of 90, i. e. plumb columns. hence in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness moldiness be provided by diagonals, a balance among this devil self-contradictory requirements should be searched for defining the optimum angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles angular geometry is utilize. i. optimum ANGLE As in the diagrids, diagonals carry bothshear and moment. Thus, the optimum angle of diagonalsis highly dependent upon the building natural elevation. Since theoptimal angle of the columns for utmost bendingrigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals formaximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it isexpected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures pass on declivity between these angles and asthe building height increases, the optimal angle alsoincreases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS ? whirligig of the moduleIt depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 6 sto ries are stacked per diagrid with average outrage height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?Base of the moduleIt depends on the height and optimal angle ( efflorescence angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity rafts G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the both diagonals beingness both in compression and the flat chord in tension. attend 2 pith of Gravity Loading. 3. 2EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder level load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex fit of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with flush and chroma of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward heraldic bearing and maximum persuasiveness in modules laid on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and piecemeal lessen values in modules located on the Web facial expressions . radiation diagram 3 sum of Lateral Loading . 3. 3EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction. opine 4 Effect of Shear Loading 3. 4EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module unaccompanied at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module unremarkably expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at e real floor level, thus also concentrated loads on the diagonal length are present as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at for each one floor gird er to diagonal inter instalment allows for the absorption of the force ingredient orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. bode5 Effect of non-apex loading. 3. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the knock off of the triangular module coincides with the vertical architectural plane however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curved shape effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module whitethorn be inclined of an anglewith respect to the vertical direction, the effect of both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an concomitantal horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, always committed Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for gripping these horizontal forces. ascertain6 Effect of vertical and horizontal bend. 3. 6EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also tuck these outwards forces arising in the horizontal plane. suppose7 Effect of horizontal curvature. 4. 1MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS Material selection for a Diagrid face is base on the following portions . They are a)Unit whoremongert of the strong. b)Availability of the material. ) bullock Time. d) hard-on Time. e)Flexibility. f) force. g)Labor cost. h)Fire resistance. The basic materials employ in Diagrid construction are marque, concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of victimization them are discussed below. I. STEEL Steel is by far the most ordinary material for Diagrid constructions. The typical stain sections used are unsubtle flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ?Steel Wide Flanges Advantages-The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads mevery of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in trim down structure weight and flexibility of surface.The sections muckle be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing tender erection by crane, reducing savvy be in the field. Disadvantages-Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a yearlong lead time. ?Rectangular and Round HSS Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections ordure be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing tire out costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This gets the floor flexibility and ef ficiency. II. CONCRETE Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ?Precast concrete Advantages-The flexibility of formed sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers native golosh against structural fire damage. Disadvantages-The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ?Cast-in-situ Concrete Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the scoop material in terms of material cost. Lead time is to a greater extent or less cryptograph as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER tone of voice is the least(prenominal) popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections batch reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the tralatitious structural m aterials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material effectuality, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2DIAGRID NODE DESIGN Figure 8 Load path at lymph node The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding positions illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset crustal plate and stiffeners, consequently to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of elastic and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of poop out connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may pee-pee wonky points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be radiation patterned carefully. Figure9 Node trope aim 4. NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a undecomposed issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures aremore complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In come out to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be make more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately numbered using enamour prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting occurrenceor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be through relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are postulate in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. Figure10 Node detail for the Hearst Tower The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more atypical, generating take over construction modules is critical for check constructability. Though it is possible to obtain any complex shape construction module using like a shots CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regular(a)ity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design unive rsal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. Figure11 A Diagrid node after fabrication 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process take ? In-place steel shop welding ?Lifting up piece by piece. ? struggle shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?In-place welding. ? elevated strength bolts assembly. ?Setting up perimeter girders Figure12twist Plan of Diagrid Figure13 Diagrid Erection Process CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1SWISS RE BUILDING Figure14 Swiss Re Building, London 30 St. Mary Axe also known as the Swiss Re Building in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diam changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at rationality level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and chalk dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called silly wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a serial publication of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a A-shape frame. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members render RHS, 250 x three hundred mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular rudimentary vegetable marrow, which has ageless diameter al ong elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2HEARSTTOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was intentional by Sir Norman Foster the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic diamond effect in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting signal from the dirt level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the principle level are concrete modify box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. Figure15 The Hearst Tower, New York. 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, knowing by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in china and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete essence and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central jumbo atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. Figure16 Guangzhou West Tower, China CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS virtually major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)The Diagrid structures besides the service core put on mostly column free exterior and interior, hence free and clear, queer floor plans are Possible. 2)The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow unsparing amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) drop-off in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this periphrasis then that can transfer load from a failed specify of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid d esign A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in todays embellish of building. 6. DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS whatever demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below 1)As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not thoroughly explored. 2)Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have unretentive or no experience creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)The DiaGrid can control aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be cumbrous or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the ballock we proclaim frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital feel funding systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global w arming, making life unworthy on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral covenant to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require leaden knowledge and understanding of natures mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to salute with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. some of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most desirable structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for magniloquent Buildings Characteristics and methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers knowledge domain Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural courtly Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH eighthWorld Congress, 2008.DiagridDIAGRID THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described.A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1INTRODUCTION 2. 2MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURALACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3EFFEC T OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDERVERTICAL LOADING 3. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1MATERIALSUSED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2HEARSTTOWER 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high ris e buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms.Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members axial action. Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library.Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. . The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration still holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid module is discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivide d longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a single level of diagonals that extend over n stories. Figure 1 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building webs with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module p lays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferring global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90, i. e. vertical columns.Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE As in the diagrids, diagonals carry bothshear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonalsis highly dependent upon the building height. Since theoptimal angle of the columns for maximum bendingrigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals formaximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it isexpect ed that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures will fall between these angles and asthe building height increases, the optimal angle alsoincreases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS ?Height of the moduleIt depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?Base of the moduleIt depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. Figure 2 Effect of Gravity Loading. 3. 2EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . Figure 3 Effect of Lateral Loading. 3. 3EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction. Figure 4 Effect of Shear Loading 3. 4EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usually expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the m odule occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. Figure5 Effect of non-apex loading. 3. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an anglewith respect to the vertical direction, the effect of both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additive horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. Figure6 Effect of vertical and horizontal curvature. 3. 6EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. Figure7 Effect of horizontal curvature. 4. 1MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are a)Unit weight of the material. b)Availability of the material. )Lead Time. d)Erection T ime. e)Flexibility. f)Durability. g)Labor cost. h)Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid constructions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ?Steel Wide Flanges Advantages-The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages-Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ?Rectangular and Round HSS Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the f ield. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ?Precast concrete Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages-The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ?Cast-in-situ Concrete Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and lab or cost. Disadvantages Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2DIAGRID NODE DESIGN Figure 8 Load path at Node The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate a nd stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. Figure9 Node Design Plan 4. NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures aremore complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. Figure10 Node detail for the Hearst Tower The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using todays CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. Figure11 A Diagrid node after fabrication 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include ? In-place steel shop welding ?Lifting up piece by piece. ?Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?In-place welding. ?High strength bolts assembly. ?Setting up perimeter girders Figure12Construction Plan of Diagrid Figure13 Diagrid Erection Process CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1SWISS RE BUILDING Figure14 Swiss Re Building, London 30 St. Mary Axe also known as the Swiss Re Building in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Des igned by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a A-shape frame. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2HEARSTTOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic diamond effect in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. Figure15 The Hearst Tower, New York. 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building i n China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. Figure16 Guangzhou West Tower, China CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAG RIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in todays landscape of building. 6. DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below 1)As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not thoroughly explored. 2)Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have little or no experience creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity t o switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of natures mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have se en, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8thWorld Congress, 2008.

Economic system Essay

In our present time , there are many a(prenominal) speculation spoken by varied people, regarding the implementation of the new plan , K to 12. There are many question still reprieve on ,Is it the solution to our poverty , lowemployment and unemployment.? Does K to 12 curriculum essentially enhance our students knowledge? Does this curriculum eliminates at lessen poverty in our country. Our DepEd Secretary, Bro. Armin A.Luistro, FSC, starting whenhe became an Education Secretary, He is trying to change the traditional organisation agency of teaching, trying to resolve different problem, control and motivates the teachers, students , parents and organization officials to cooperate in order to help our students to be competitive enough. In his Declaration of order of Philippine Education, he emphasize the trend and issues in Education system in a. Philippine Education is under(a) in Chronic nausea b. Regression in advance c. Bureaucratic Melee d. Appropriations allotted I n Education e.On the need of Reform f. The Join Forces of 3 Agencies in Government. The DOLE, TESDA, and CHED. g. The Idea of EFA 2015 and Millennium Development Goals, 1. The Philippine Education is under in chronic illness He said that our country is under the chronic illness , it is because the system in our country is suffering from different crisis, not only come from scotch problem, but most in all probability in political system.In this country, Our governmentalways change our curriculum from time to time, for them we essential faced the reality and we must adapt the changes but themere item is , they dont even support that particular in hurt of facilities, tools, books and other school materials, thats wherefore our curriculum is only a Trial-Error set up. Inother aspects the reason why we still in the last in terms of Education it is because of corruption and political problems.2. Regression in Access The main problem in our country is the lengthof Basic Education in Elementary and Secondary, this is only 10 years, unlike to other country which is 12 years. This is the reason why Filipino did not get the appropriate problem on other country,3. Bureaucratic Melee In this case, we can recite that the cultural aspects of the society are the big problem. Despite of financial and economic crisis happen in our country, they questioned slightly people or other non government organizations if school receive donations, For them it is a form of corruption ,but the reality is some government officials is the one who is the corrupt one. We must face the reality that government funds is not sufficient to support different schools thats why we need support from other agencies. 4. Appropriations for EducationDepartment of Budget and wariness or DBM allocatesfund for a certain school whether it has autonomy or not. These budgets were divide depends on the numbers of enrollees per school. Government also allocates fund for the Teachers tools, equipments, l esson plan, and classrecords , salaries and bonuses and incentives. Education is free, gibe to the Deped Memorandum. They allocated fundsfor Education but the big problem is, the higher ranking someone did not distributed that funds to different divisions, instead of they corrupt that funds.Thats why DepEdis number2 in Corruption 5. On the Need for Reform Our Educationsystem needs a reformation, in order to make our graduates be competitive enough. Reform will start on the top down to the lower ranking position. reformation willlead us tothe better world, better society and better graduates. Reformation not only in Educational system but also in the society, most especially in our government presently. Reform in policies, negate corruption, because new ideas, new curriculum, and helpus tobuild mind of a graduates professionally growth.