Economic questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic questions - Assignment Exampleect an gap of zero units, but at an offer of one unit they go out accept it if they be self-interested and risk-neutral because it is one more unit than they would be acquiring if they rejected the one unit offer.c) The subgame perfect Nash equipoise does not match the actual behavior at all. The different assumptions we undersurface make in part a to explain this is basically that if people tint that the amount they argon getting is unfair, they will try to hurt the other person as comfortably as themselves by making sure nobody gets anything.2- In this situation, the drug-dealers best option is to go to the park because if the officer is at the park the dealer will still make 50 deals whereas if they are both on the street he will only make 30 deals. The officer can do better if she stays on the street but knows the drug dealer will do better at the park given that they both choose the same place. Therefore, the most likely comeback wo uld probably be the bottom right square where 50 deals are made and 120 are stopped. However, Player Two has a bigger payoff when they are at different locations. Because of this, a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium shows that the dealer would add up about 100 deals, meaning the officer would be able to stop an average of 70 deals.If Player Two is self-regarding, Player One will avail more from sending payment if Player Two delivers (P,D). In this situation Player One will also make a profit if they take int send payment and Player Two delivers (NP, D). In the other ii situations Player One & Player Two will benefit equally (NP,K) and Player One will lose in the payment non delivery situation (P,K).If Player Two is reciprocal, Player Two stands to benefit more from a payment and delivery situation (P,D), as well as benefiting more from a payment and non-delivery situation and a non-payment, non-delivery situation (NP, K). The only situation where Player one benefits more is wher e they dont pay but the item is still delivered (NP,

International Students Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Students Problems - Assignment ExampleSchlossberg Theory of Transition is a model of psychosocial advancement that analyzes aliveness occasions which influence different parts of a singulars life and their societal parts. The individuals observation of the instigate is as critical to see how an individual is influenced by his/her changing life occasions to the extent that the sort, setting, and effect of the move itself. Schlossberg delineated the moving process with the terms of moving in, traveling through and moving issue. Methods for adapting to move, whether constructive or pessimistic, hail from surveying an individuals advantages and liabilities in the four zones which Schlossberg termed as the 4 Ss the circumstance, self, backing, and procedure.The principle physical exertion of Schlossbergs theory is with grown-up learners and theyve come back to higher instruction. Compared to conventional scholars, non-custom understudies are for the most part at many d istinctive focuses throughout their life because of the different sorts of moves they have experienced. Programming created on the 4 Ss can wait on grown-up learners to distinguish and draw upon their advantages in adapting to the discernment of moving into the test of coming back to class quite than just seeing what their restriction could be.Schlossberg Transition Theory is generally dependent upon the singular and what they think more or less to be a move in their life. Here is a snappy survey of the steps and thoughts tush Schlossbergs TheoryIndeed, inside Europe societies might be distinctive. It may be troublesome to get apply to another society. You may wish to discuss this with other universal understudies in a help confirmative network run by the advising administrationYou may think that it troublesome to comprehend your teacher or different learners. You should not be humiliated. It is paramount to tell somebody of your troubles, with the goal that you can accept hel p.

Colonization and Heart of Darkness is the author for or against it Essay

Colonization and Heart of Darkness is the author for or against it - Essay Example thesis statement Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness proves that the author is against settlement because the under(a)lying theme is anti-colonial/sympathy towards the victims of colonization (say, the Afri stools) (special references to the autobiographical elements in the live on). Authors view on colonization First of all, the theme of the work Heart of Darkness is interconnected with the authors growth and development from a teenager (deeply interest in geography, maps and adventurous animation) to a mariner. within this context, his journey to Congo changed his attitude towards colonization and its consequences. To be specific, voyage to the Dark Continent (Africa), especially to Congo, helped Conrad to realize the drawbacks of colonization, forced labor and slavery. Marlow states that Strings of dusty niggers with splay feet arrived and bypast a stream of manufactured goods, rubbishy cottons , beads, and brass-wire set into the depth of darkness, and in return came a valued trickle of ivory (46). In the novel, the undercurrent of sadness and helplessness leads the author to be pessimistic towards life and human values. His voyage to Congo helped him to realize the anti-human aspects of colonizers who considered the African continent as the source of raw materials and slaves, not as a society throbbing with life. Later, Conrad recollected his experiences in Congo and utilized the protagonist as his mouthpiece to communicate with the readers. To be specific, his development from an adventurous teenager to a mature individual who can score the drawbacks of colonization forced him to a pessimistic towards life. From a different angle of view, his deep involvement in Polish Nationalist Movement in his later life can be evaluated as his kvetch against colonization. Within this context, angiotensin-converting enzyme can easily identify that the author is totally against c olonization and his work can be considered as the protest against colonization and its far reaching consequences. Autobiographical elements As pointed out, Conrad is the talker (say, narrator-protagonist, Marlow) and his voyage to Congo in the year 1889 is portrayed in the work. To be specific, in his real life, Conrad obstinate to travel to the heart of Africa (Congo). So, he decided to seek the help of one of his relatives, namely, Aleksander Poradowski. Later, Conrad came to know that his relative was dead(a) and decided to seek the help of Poradowskis widow (Marguerite). With her help, Conrad was able to be the commander of a Belgian steam boat which voyaged to Congo. At that time (in 1890s), Congo was under Belgium, especially under fagot Leopold II. Within this context, trade relation with Congo and Belgium was based upon Belgian colonization in Congo by King Leopold II. In his work, Conrad did not give emphasize to the drawbacks of imperialism or colonization but provided ample importance to his let experience in Congo. Through the character Marlow, Conrad portrayed the hardships faced by the people of Congo under the Belgian colonization. Marlow makes clear that They passed me within six inches, without a glance, with that complete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages (43). Within this context, one can easily identify that Marlow (say, the protagonist) represents the authors firsthand experience in Con

Recharch in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Recharch in business - Essay ExampleIn general these people argon called or considered as loss leaders within their particular field of operation. The term leadership simply center the method of influencing a aggroup of people & guiding them towards the touchment of a common objective. Our present progeny of discussion is the effect of leadership within a workplace and its application within the management of an organization. in general the organizations get highly benefitted by the implementation of proper leadership approaches as it results in improved step of goods & services produced by the organization (Maslanka, 2004). What is leadership? Leadership refers to the way by which an individual organizes a group of people so as to achieve a common goal. Leadership is a process of genial influence in which an individual attempts to gain the support and help of a group of people to accomplish a common goal (Northouse, 2010, p.4). Effective leadership is not about making speech es or cosmos liked leadership is defined by results not attri besideses-Peter Drucker (RAUP, 2012). A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way- lavatory C. Maxwell (Akbarzadeh, 2011, p. 123). ... A leader must be reliable, and must be able to offer entrust and confidence to his or her chase. A leader must be able to communicate to his or her followers clearly and efficiently. Proper supervision is essential. A leader must be modest, helpful and co-operative as because he or she have to lead a team of followers. Dictatorship is an important characteristic of a leader, but it needs to be fair and just. Overconfidence and ruling attitude has a negative impact. A leader must be capable of handling responsibilities and take strategic decisions as per requirement (Maxwell, n.d). Leadership styles 1. Transformational Style- in this style the leader guides and transforms the staff. The leader makes continuous efforts to address the grievances of the employees and motivate them for improved performance. Here open talk between the staff and the leader is always encouraged and the leader follows participative style of management. The staff gets highly influenced by the leader in Transformational Leadership Style. (Lai, 2011) 2. Transactional Style- Here the main focus of the leader is on managements objectives. In this style the leader constantly motivate his followers by offering rewards for completed tasks. These leaders are mostly work oriented they usually follow a particular structure and charge directive style of management. In this style of management, innovativeness and creativity are ignored and people are very much motivated by the use of extrinsic motivational factors like incentive and holiday trip (Hood, 2007, p.16) 3. individualistic Style- This is also termed as Passive Leadership which exercises least control on the staff. The managers avoid the responsibility of saddle horse objectives and

In this age of globalisation, while it is absolutely necessary for Essay

In this age of globalisation, while it is absolutely necessary for large listed companies in different countries to prepare fina - Essay ensampleIt focuses on effective use of the resources in a dynamic and competitive environment. Therefore, counselling account statement is refer with resource focal point for facilitating decision make in an organization in tune with the changes continuously fetching place due to various factors which may be internal or external to the business. International fiscal Reporting Standards have not been developed with a view to report commission decision making or management control. However, changes in the technology sphere, especially information technology enabled development of charge explanation Software involving complex analysis of the business situations for the figure of making strategic management decisions. Globalization and relaxation of the economies calls for uniformity and standardization in various fields for easy disseminati on of information. Therefore, the need for uniformity in management policies, procedures and methods of applications of management techniques will hithertotually lead to incorporation of management accounting in IFRS over a period of time. Evolution of standards The developments taking place in the businesses are accepted slowly and mold up by the conventions followed in the society or country in the early stages. These principles infrago various judicial tests in the evolutionary process before passing through the legislature. Therefore translation of the management accounting concepts into International Financial Reporting Standards will take time, since management accounting is relatively unused compared to financial accounting which has been followed by the business for many centuries. There are differences in its adoption even in the developed countries. For instance, there are many major differences between IFRSs and the standards issued by FASB (USA), although efforts ar e afoot(predicate) to remove them to ensure convergence (Banerjee, 2010, p. 685). For example, the practical considerations such as adoption of current value for the purpose of valuation of say, land or properties will be relevant in decision making process, whereas under GAAP it is required to be stated at historical cost in the financial reports. The transitional process from GAAP to IFRS in US is expected to begin in 2014. The adoption of Management accounting in developing countries is still restricted scarcely to the larger companies. Therefore, accounting bodies of these countries are not in a hurry to push forward the cause of management accounting at this stage. The adoption of management accounting practices by an organization is a prerequisite for management accounting reports, and it will happen only when the benefits are appreciated at the company level and the cost of operating a suitable remains in respect of collection and analysis of data is reasonable and consiste nt with the benefits derived. Impact of IAS and IFRS on Management Accounting Prochazka and Ilinitchi (n.d.) state The implementation of IFRS into Czech legislation has brought new quality to financial reporting. Due to their usefulness, IFRS get across into management accounting systems. In fact, in many companies IFRS carry out (satisfy, meet) the function of internal management accounting (with some modification allowing better internal performance evaluation). However, it is restricted to certain disclosures where information available from the financial accounts is not adequate. The level of integration of financial and management accoun

Stress in The Workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress in The study - Assignment ExampleThe external environment also caused the organization to transit to a scientific arranging this included the political, economic stimuli, technological, and social factors. Finally, the internal environment that included the procedures, styles and policies, systems, as well as the military strength of the workers, had an influence on the change (Northouse, 2013).The stakeholders of the organization comprising of the investors, owners, and employees were affected in a way by the technological transition to the company. For instance, the technological change came from the investors needs to increase their profits by improving the technology in their insurance company. To achieve this, they involved the managers and directors to implement those decisions. The investors and top management staff were impacted positively by the changes. However, the employees at some point were affected by some of the decisions, as they are normally non involve d in decision making of these magnitudes. Some employees were forced to leave the job since the implementation of technology lessens work, and the organization may see the need to reduce its workers. Nevertheless, the ones who remained were positively affected by the technology as work was now easier, and also they gained more skills in using the computerized equipments which will benefit them in future.To enable the smooth technological transition of the company, the company applied an advanced imagination technology reflection (ACTD) jut out to be aware of the needs and any obstacles that may arise during its implementation process. This transition plan was an element of the (ACTD) management plan, which reflected the transition strategy. For instance, the initial cost estimates for fulfilling the technology, the envisioned used of the technology, the functional aptitude elements supported, and the concept of operation, among others. This plan addressed the transition elements and issues that were relevant to the

Financial System and Intermediaries Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

pecuniary System and Intermediaries - Coursework ExampleFinancial System and Intermediaries As our example, a commercial bank will take my 100,000 as my savings and on-lend to a loan borrower who will pay interest and commission from the loan. The bank will pay me a dower of this interest as my deposit interest. Private equity funds are funds from layors intended to be invested in a private company over a specific time and agreed returns. joint funds are collected from many investors as a collective pool to be invested and risk capital have a similarity with either mutual funds or private but that they are invested in small and medium entities or start-ups with high potential for growth.According to Harhoff and Lossen, 2007, Pension and longsighted funds are funds invested with an intention to earn the investor income after leaving employment and retirement. Modern sidereal day insurance firms do what has been explained above alongside traditional insurance coverage. Micro-cr edits provide micro-loans to small business commonwealth who might not afford big amounts of loans or have no security for loans. Members or a micro-loan working group often co-guarantee each other. All the financial intermediaries can take my 100,000 and trade with it in the ways just explained.A financial intermediator can still act as an intermediary to another financial intermediary if it acts as a collecting agent to on-lend to another financial intermediary. A good example is a bank collecting savings from the public and going ahead to invest in a mutual fund with portfolio investments.

Marketing Design and Innovation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Design and Innovation - Dissertation ExampleIn other words, it was just a newfangled version of radio with visual device. But today, boob tube sets lose numerous features from stylish figure to innovative facilities. This paper is entitled to recognise the changing characteristics of video since its invention in early 1900s. In this context, the changing characteristics cornerstone be easily identified in the history of television patience. Its shape, colour, sharpness, feasibility, and customer choices have changed rapidly over time. The customers choices, their preferences, competition and technological progression give the sack be identified as the important drivers of innovation in this case. The discussion of the paper concentrates on the grounded theory and marketing theory to identify the heterogeneous changing characteristics of television. 2.0. Synthesis and Review of Literatures According to Doyle (1998), innovation, as a marketing strategy, has several t imes proven to be the key factor to reward success to many businesses. It is also considered to be as the raceway of attaining higher growing in terms of sales, market shares and others. However, innovation can be referred to as the growth of a newly designed product, marketing channels and marketing concepts. Thus, innovation in marketing can be stated as one of the crucial elements to achieve an efficient competitive advantage and growth (Bridgewater & Doyle, 1998). This statement can be well-observed in the case of television industry where analysts claim to witness an over-the-top chain of innovations which brought about changes in shape, colour, size and other features of the genre. For instance, Lachenbruch (1964) stated that in its performance from 1953 to 1956 the television industry reached its maturity similar to radio and phonograph industries. It was the period when almost every household in the States had a television set in their living room and thus sales of televi sion begun to fall. By that period, a new version of television was introduced to the market, i.e. colour TVs. This innovation again took the industry to its growth (Lachenbruch, 1964). These kinds of evidences can be witnessed in almost every stage of the industry, especially in terms of style and technology. This shall be evidently identified in the further discussion. 2.1. Change in terms of Style The introduction of television can be identified in the early 1920s when television was presented in two gigantic paths one as mechanical and the other as electronic. The mechanical television set was invented by Charles F. Jenkins in 1923. These types of sets were primarily indentified as a 30 line television and used a mechanical poser to produce images on the screen through a spinning disc. The formula was then implied by full general Electric in 1928 and used a 24 line television set with a 3 inch screen to display five different frames in a blink of an eye. In 1927, another sci entist, Philo T. Farnsworth invented television which was entirely based on electricity and did not use any kind of spinning discs or other similar devices. Instead of its mechanical framework, the television set used an image dissector tube. Another medium of television set was that it could display almost 120 lines with the speed of 24 frames in a second in comparison to the mechanical television set of Jenkins and General Electronics. It was in 1929 when Herbert Ives first introduced a 50

Do You Believe that Our Sex and Gender Rules are Social Constructions Term Paper

Do You Believe that Our Sex and Gender Rules be Social Constructions - Term Paper ExampleThis essay declares that the sexual practice of newborn had to be identified establish on the genitalia, and in cases of ambiguous genitalia, babies had to undergo reparative surgery, whereas the clinical staff assigned a corresponding gender to a child. After the gender was surgically assigned to the baby, it was socially reinforced through various identifications such(prenominal) as clothing, bringing up process, etc. The cases of surgical procedures on reparation childrens genitalia, defined by clinicians as Disorders of Sexual Development perfectly illustrate how people are trying to adapt biologic diversity to socially constructed sex-gender binary. This project stresses that nowadays, variation in genders is a more acceptable thing in society and has increased interest in the medical community. Comparing the two articles written by Fausto-Sterling in 7-years interval it is possible to s ee that during a quite small period of time serviceman apprehension of intersexuals as full-fledged unit of society has increased significantly. Whether the other three sexes will be soon recognized fully by the society or not, providing those individuals with perfectly equal conditions and treatment, is not known. The sole(prenominal) thing that is definitely clear is that scientific research and time do change social perception of the human body. The things perceived a century ago as nonsense, nowadays are viewed as absolutely common and understandable.

E-commerce Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-commerce Marketing intend - Essay ExampleMarket Summary FISH FIELD LLC is a search tackle manufacturer, importer and middleman in Oregon. (Fish Field, 2011) The family is a specialist in angle equipments. Fish Field focuses more on ocean fishing though the company has significant presence in fresh water fishing too. What started as hardly a small company is now an established fishing equipment target in the region. Being located in Oregon, the study market of the company is Oregon itself. But the company alike has reasonable sales from other major states through its online sales of the equipments. The current customer roots of the company embarrass both professional fishermen as well as hobbyists. But the larger portion consists of professional fishermen. The company has a huge portfolio of products that cater to the various needs of the customers. The products of the company are currently classified low categories such as fly fishing, general fishing, sea fishing, cen terpin fishing and outdoor sport. The company sells around lx three products through these categories. Fish Field is planning to expand its market by targeting more customer groups. In order to increase the sales of the products, the company will project to expand to other markets alfresco Oregon through its online presence. ... This marketing plan is also intended to target more of students of the age group 10 20. This is a very lucrative market segment for the company. Competition Some of the major fishing equipment suppliers in Oregon are Anglers Manufacturing Inc, Bandon Bait & Tackle Sea Food, Caddis Fly Angling Shop, exhibitor Anglers, Cascade Crest Tools, Charlton Deep Sea Charters, Dan Craft Enterprises, Englund Marine Supply Company, Fish Rite Inc Boats, and Glenn Struble MFG. Most of these players have fishing sauceboats in their product portfolio compared to that of Fish Filed. Though Fish Field does non have boat among its product categories, the fishing equipment portfolio of Fish Field is very large than most of these players. This is where the company differentiates itself from other major players in the market. Fish Filed also differentiates from its competitors through its sophisticated online sales presence. Most of the products of Fish Field are sold through its online portal. Most of the competitors maintain their own websites. Some of the competitors websites are just informative in nature. Such companies dont sell products online. Caddis Fly, Bandon Bait, Cascade Anglers, Englund Marine and Fish Rite are the companies that just maintain informative websites. All other players listed above sells their merchandise online. If Fish Field is able to leverage more on its existing online presence, it can capture more sales than that of its competitors. Most of the competitors are not established brands in fishing equipments though there are few companies that have years of experience. Therefore, to generate better sales, Fish Field should first establish its brand name or make its brand name visible to the prospective customers. Since Fish Field

International Management 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Management 7 - Essay ExampleThis led to the two companies forming an alliance to benefit fro each others strengths and share in the weaknesses.In 2001, Lenovo was the biggest com projecter company in China and its business was booming since they did not have any skillful competitors. Moreover, China had not joined the WTO hence foreign firms did not have access to the Chinese market place. Lenovo thusly saw no need in forming an alliance since the conditions were good for them. However, in 2004, the business environment changed hugely with Dell emerging as a serious competitor local anaestheticly. Also, the Chinese market opened up to foreign companies, depressing prices and reducing margins (London, 2005).In 2004, the Chinese companies experienced pressure from foreign firms, which flooded its market with cheaper products, posing a serious threat to the local firms. This pressure transformed Lenovo from being a local Chinese company to a global one, selling 60 per cent of its products to other countries.Lenovo Groups results for the second financial quarter of 2006 saw the companys consolidated revenue increase to US$ 3.7 billion. The firms shipments globally increased by virtually 10 per cent, this being higher than the industrys average of 8 per cent, with most of the growth occurring in China. This growth has been attributed to an gain in the companys operational efficiency due to restructuring efforts by the company.However, Lenovo faces some challenges in some of its segments due to opposition and slow growth in the mature PC market. Lenovos brand awareness in the US is rattling weak compared to that of China, which has strong sales, providing the company with the necessary cash for sustaining losses in the overseas market. Lenovo Group is confront with big challenges in the global markets, notably the tough international price competition.Part TwoThe capital of Red China Businessville Hotel and Around the World Hotels alliance Issu es need to be consideredBeijing Businessville Hotel and Around the world Hotels need to put into consideration a number of factors before they get into an alliance. This is due to the differences in their current environments as hearty as other key factors. Both hotels essential consider how the economic system of the new affect country will affect their business since they operate in two different economic systems. They must also consider the legal systems, political systems, physical infrastructure and technical know-how of the country they will be operating in. They must also find ways of adjusting to these new conditions in order to operate optimally (Lockyer, 2007).Moreover, there are socio-cultural factors to be considered seriously before the alliance. Such factors include the language used by the host country, religion of its people and education. Cultural factors include the beliefs of the people in the host country, their norms as hygienic as values. They must also bea r in mind the attitudes of the people in these countries with regard to much(prenominal) issues as change, individualism, materialism, time and work. Moreover, individual and group employee behavior must be seriously looked into, focusing on issues such as

The Effects of Cyberschools on Public Education Essay

The Effects of Cyber trails on Public training - Essay ExampleWhen the Western Pennsylvania cyberschool opened in the 2000-01 school year, 525 grade 12 students were enrolled in it. In the 2001-2002 school year, 996 students were enrolled (KPMG Consulting, 2001). Indeed, demographic figures are a testament to the success of the Western Pennsylvania cyberschool for, non only are enrolment figures steadily n the increase but, an increasing number of students and parents are opting for cyberschool as a preferred alternate to human race educate, with the result being that that while 48% of the enrolled students are fountain home schoolers, 52% are former normal school students from twelve south west field counties. Added to that, 27 of the enrolled students are classified as gifted and 117 are special education needs students (KPMG Consulting, 2001). The implication here(predicate) is that, within Western Pennsylvania at least, cyberschooling is emerging as a viable, valid and v ital alternative to public schooling. Within the parameters of the outlined problem, the question shall attempt the determination of the impact of cyberschools on public education, with the concentrate on being on Western Pennsylvania.3Definition of Key TermsThe focus of this action research is well-defined and limited to the relationship between public schooling and cyberschooling, on the one hand, and the emergence of cyberschools as an alternative to both home and public schooling. The focus, as stated, allows for the identification of three key terms, those being cyberschools, public education and home schooling. Each of these terms shall now be defined in order to contextualize their exercising in the... The focus of this action research is well-defined and limited to the relationship between public schooling and cyberschooling, on the one hand, and the emergence of cyberschools as an alternative to both home and public schooling. The research and selective information analys is carried out allows for the statement of a set of purposes. The first of these is that the public school system is down the stairs tremendous strain, both because of increasing student populations and diminish qualified teacher populations. The consequence of the aforementioned is the decreasing capacity for effective education and an ever dwindling ability to ensure the safety and security of students on school grounds and property. The stated has led many parents to turn to Homeschooling and, eventually, to cyberschools. As pertains to cyberschools, the research data allows for the conclusion that it is an effective, viable, vital and feasible alternative to both public education and Homeschooling.This paper makes a conclusion that minded(p) that no data was found on the actual effect that cyberschools have had on the public school system, it is difficult to present definitive conclusions regarding this relationship. Nevertheless, one may assume that cyberschools will be int egrated into the public school system in due course, thereby relieving state and federal governments of a substantial dowry of the cost involved in the maintenance and running of public schools and allowing access to education for those who, for a classification of reasons, had no previous access. In other words, cyberschools will not function as a scourge to public schools but as a support system.

Article summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Summary - expression ExampleHumor and laughter are closely related however these are not synonymous. unrivaled gage laugh without a imageous stimulus and similarly one can experience predilection without laughter. Historically desire history is perceived to be 35000 eld old. Al close every culture spends considerable time communicating in a humorous context. No single humor theory is universally accepted however, three essential themes, are repeatedly observed in the majority of humor theories 1) humor reflects a set of incongruous conceptualizations, 2) humor involves repressed sexual or aggressive feelings, and 3) humor elevates neighborly status by demonstrating superiority or saving face. It has been discussed that animals also show response to humorous behavior. With obeisance to genetics, it has been observed that women laugh 126% more than men during conversations with each other. Brain damage, particularly in the frontal lobes, causes deficits of humor appreciation. The elucidation of the neurobiology of humor has benefited from two approaches 1) observing the effects of various brain lesions on humor percept and 2) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, which monitor brain activity in normal subjects bandage perceiving humor. Despite language and cultural barriers, humor in traditional societies is generally comprehensible to visiting anthropologists. deuce humor phenomena especially standout in the anthropological literature joking relationships and clowns. There is no way to do it with certainty when humor evolved relative to language although it would appear that at least sophisticated humor mustiness have succeeded language. The credible range for the origins of language lands between a few hundred thousand years to about 2-4 million years ago. There is increasing evidence that a new level of emblematic thought was achieved around 50,000 years ago. A figurine integrating the head of a lion with the legs of a person date d around 32,000 years old is among the earliest evidence for symbolic art. Humor can perhaps be framed as an incongruent social concept violating the essence of a congruent social concept. Dunbar (1993) has put forward a theory that, in primates, neocortical size is proportional to root size and that language ultimately replaced grooming as the primary social bond .Humor is a interest cognitive function. The relative ease in how we use it belies its considerable complexity. To conclude humor appears to be a function of Homo sapiens augmented social abilities and as an extension of language, could perhaps be the most complex cognitive function in the animal kingdom. The origins of language, spirituality, hominid group size and animal vexing may have particular relevance to humor. A number of humankinds higher cognitive functions could well be inextricably rooted in humors evolutionary history, thus reservation this subject worthy of further exploration. Works Cited Polimeni & P.R iess , The First Joke Exploring the Evolutionary Origins of Humor, Evolutionary psychological science human-nature.com/ep 2006. 4 P347-366,JPReisscc.umanitoba.ca Web 23 Mar 2011, http//www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep04347366.pdf Professors Name Writers Name Course Title Date jape A scientific investigation gag is part of universal human vocabulary, produced and recognized by all people of all cultures. Laughter is instinctive behavior programmed by our genes, not by vocal community in which we grow up. Laughter can

Law Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law Questions - Essay ExampleThe International Terrorism bear of 1990 2. The Patriots Act 3. The UN Convention on International Terrorism 3 There atomic number 18 various comments attached to bear of terrorism. The unite Nations, the Arab Convention and the European Convention all give divergent definitions to the term terrorism. The UNs definition to terrorism is more descriptive of the acts that whitethorn be cited as terrorism acts. It adopts a broad description of acts that may be interpreted to be acts of terrorism by its members. This includes unlawful actions, including against civilians, carried out with an intention of cause serious bodily harm or the taking of hostages to induce a state of terror to the public. It accordingly offers a broad definition to the term that allows other criminal acts against the state or citizens, which have non yet been classified as terrorist acts, to be categorized as terrorist acts. The Arab Convention on the other commit adopts a more liberal definition to terrorism. It defines terrorism to encompass not only acts, but similarly threat of criminal action against the state or citizens of a given country. The prescript also recognizes that terrorist threats may also be directed to the environment in an attempt to jeopardize national resources. The European convention adopts an imprecise definition to terrorism. ... 4 The yunis case amplifies Americas renewed efforts to curb international terrorism by employing the new antiterrorism laws. The case demonstrated the acceptance of recent international law principles of extraterritorial jurisdiction that give room for the prosecution of terrorists in US soil. It encompasses the international law principle that terrorism is an act condemned internationally and as such, terrorist suspects can be prosecuted in any national jurisdiction of the world. The Noriega case illustrated the natural covering of domestic criminal laws universally to prosecute criminal activi ties committed outside the United States. The court relied on the international law principle of extended territorial jurisdiction to prosecute crimes committed outside the US national borders, whose effects had far-reaching consequences on American soil. The Yousef case illustrated the use of extraterritorial jurisdiction to prosecute the criminate with charges of terrorism and conspiracy to commit criminal and terrorist acts within the territory of the United States. All the aforementioned cases are regarded as progressive cases as they form a future model for prosecuting terrorists within the US territory. They further show the expanded use of both the domestic law and international law to combat efficiently the threat of terrorism in America. 5 The Moussaoui case is important because it illustrates the success of the criminal justice administration in trying and convicting suspected terrorists. It also shows that the best way to follow in promoting national guarantor is rea ffirmation of the values of the justice system. Moussaui wanted to review his confession to which the prosecution was opposed to such

Fashion Costume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

modality Costume - Essay ExampleThis essay mainly focuses on describing terminology and types of clothes and fashion directions, that essential in fashion industry. Author suggests, that fashion is the holding style or tradition, as in garments or in their action or it is also defined as the latest and most cute style in clothes and in their behaviour. To some people, fashion is a form of art tho to others fashion is nearly a religion but for most people it is way of using clothes. You tail use fashion to carry yourself and also to describe your personality.In this essay various constituents of fashion atomic number 18 described, such as colour of clothes, lengthes, types of neckline and sleeves and different materials. For example, colours are necessary for our life because they make us feel brighter and fresh. Also this essay focuses on designers, who play a great role in give tongue to other people and introducing fashion which is in. Media is the main source to introduce new fashions among common people.A hardly a(prenominal) hypotheses and theories of fashion are described, for example a theory, that describes that wealth is necessary for maintaining clothin. Well-dressed person never wants to engage himself/herself in manual labour is the other example of such hypothese. There are some names that fill a great position in fashion world (as fashion industry is related to the require or drama industry) such as Howard Pyle, James Laver, Frankenstein, Pam cook, James Cameron, Edith Head, Jane Gaines, and Grace Kelly. Their influence on ontogenesis fashion costume is described in this essay.

Heart of Darkness Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heart of Darkness - Term musical theme ExampleThe script further entails a summary of the Heart of Darkness and the implied atrocities that depict the European colonialists as dark hearted, to the extent that they suffice the cultural and societal norms of the African Congo community.The writer narrates that curious Marlow approaches his aunt who works for an exploration caller-out and seeks for a sail to the Belgium colony of Congo1. The aunt grants Marlow the opportunity to make a sail after one of the sailors dies during the war with the African habitats. As he sails the ship alongside the companys lawyer, accountant, and director, Marlow appears as a person who has no role in the society, as the Europeans tend to pass water personality by the relevant qualifications, one has in their civilized world. Because of this factor of civilization, Marlow articulates to the crewmembers that he depicts the European countries as malign and dark hearted, using their enlightened skills to rape colonies off their values2. As he narrates of the hard feelings on the antisocial deeds, the others stare at him without any comments, a factor he holds as ignorance due to his unskillful nature.The issue of culture arises at the time of anchoring the sail at the African shores, Marlow is quick to identify exonerate creatures with which one comes forward and secures a pack of ship biscuits. He sighs from relief when the creature walks a behavior and gives way for the four to talk with the companys chief accountant, a well dressed up man. Introductions control between the crew and the man as they proceed to the hut. Similarly, Marlow establishes that the Belgian colonists have the mandate and control all over the resources available a factor exhibited precisely when the accountant sets out to assess the palms, whereas on the native creatures languish in poverty and hunger as learned from the creature with whom

Indian tribe`s inherent sovereign authority Essay Example for Free

Indian tribes inherent s overeign strength EssayINTRODUCTIONU.S Chief evaluator John Marsh entirely, in his milestone trilogy of his finalitys on Indian legality in 1 Cherokee Nation v.Georgia 2 Johnson v.Mclntosh and 3 Worcester v. Georgia framed the foundation for Indian constabulary viz. Indian tribes be under the trust protection of the national politics which stands good even today.As such, m every(pre noinal) tribes atomic number 18 enjoying the quasi-reign status and clear organized their give birth governings unneurotic with functional legislative, executive and discriminatory branches. Indian tribal courts function much or less in their Anglo-American colleagues and offer an intra-tribal tool for dispute resolution. The tyrannical chat up held in Oliphant v.Suquanmish Indian common people that for want of congressional action, tribes lacks inherent legal power to visit outsiders. informal relation provided to legislatively recognize the Oliphant b y extending jurisdiction to tribal courts to try criminally all non-Indians for the felony perpetrate in the Indian regionsThis research paper entrust divulge how this jurisdictional plight causes a practicable worry in United States Judiciary and possible ways and means to address the is action. INDIAN SOVEREIGN chest of drawers TO EXERCISE savage JURISDICTION OVER NON-INDIANS- AN ANALYSISCrimes against native Indians atomic number 18 unleashed by non-Indians on nonchalant basis. Crimes committed by non-Indians are cognizable offence that can be engrossd only by national district court by federal prosecutors. Unfortunately, m whatever(prenominal) federal prosecutors pee abandoned their duty to be crimes in Indian country committed by non-Indians due to overburden.The emergence of the Indian courts owed its origin to the tribal justice systems that predate the European settlement of America. On the basis of the age old convention, sexual intercourse has recognise the sovereign authority of tribes to chief(prenominal)tain their own courts. alone, congress has limited that sovereignty as tribal courts contain little jurisdiction over non-Indians .This is mainly intended to ensure that Indians are guaranteed the same constitutional full fields as other Americans.As a result, tribal courts over the last two decades perplex lost their elite group authority to try courtships involving grave felonies and to enforce criminal penalties on non-Indians. In the year 1990, authoritative royal court stripped Indian tribal courts of the big businessman to hear cases involving Indians of a different tribe. But the Senate Select delegacy on Indian Affairs later voted to rein reconcile that right to tribes for the next two years. 1992 to 1994.In 1968, telling established the Indian Civil Rights mo to offer on tribes requirements akin to those found in the government none of Rights. There are most 147 tribal courts that play jurisdiction over ne arly two one million million million Indians in the United States in the year 1992.Tribal courts afford exclusive jurisdiction over gracious cases that arise between Indians on the reserves. But, if the plaintiff or defendant is other than Indian, secernate courts may have a simultaneous or even exclusive exercise rights to hear the case.In, Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe , 435 U.S, 55 L.Ed , 2d , 98 S.Ct, 48 U.S.L.W .4210 it was held that no inherent rights is ascribed to any Indian tribal courts to prosecute and punish non-Indians for offenses committed on Indian lands.It was the contention of the Indian tribes that jurisdiction is automatically conferred on them for trying any offenses of criminal nature on non-Indians in tribal lands as Supreme court made an credit describing Indian tribes as quasi sovereign entities. However, Supreme approach has observed in the present case that whenever efforts have been exercised in the past, it has been observed that at that pla ce exists no jurisdiction. The tribal is having no authority to try non-Indians as it was established by earlier judicial opinions and also according to the general view of the executive authorities.But Judge Marshall, joined by the Chief justice dissented in the above case by winning the view that the power of preserve order on the reservation was a sine quo non of sovereignty that the Suquamish sooner possessed. He further distinguishd that in the absence of positive extraction of such rights by any treaty or statue ,the tribal enjoy as a incumbent aspect of their sovereignty the right to try and punish all persons who commit offenses against tribal law of nature within the reservation.In the past years, most(prenominal) Supreme tribunal rulings have drastically delineated the power of American Indians to govern their territories. The High Court ruled in 1978 that tribal courts cannot prosecute whites or other non-Indians for some felonies committed on tribal land. In one case, the justice held that a tribal court has no jurisdiction over crimes committed on that tribes land by members of another tribe. There are certain rulings that dependent Indian authority in taxation and zoning.Tribal leaders argue that U.S government apparent snuff it away from recognizing inherent sovereignty of the Indian nations, which predate the arrival of whites to this continent makes them to worry.Though, the tribal leaders were not asking to overturn the Supreme Courts ruling in Oliphant v. Squamish Indian Tribe plainly they were demanding to overturn the High Court rulings in Duro V. Reina, which prohibited the Salt River Prima-Maricopa Indian Community in azimuth from prosecuting on a misdemeanor of weapons charge by an Indian man who lived in Salt River provided was a member of a tribe in California. Thus, the rulings left a judicial void in states that do not assume jurisdiction over such misdemeanors and congress temporarily restored jurisdiction to the trib es during 1990.2.1 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION TO TRY NON INDIANS TO COMBAT TERRORIST THREAT In their effort to revive an amendment to the motherland Security motion that would offer criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians to combat terrorist threats on Indian lands. But opponents were of the view that it will topple a 25-years old Supreme Court decision limiting and defining Indian sovereignty and could lead to tribal power grabs which may affect of millions of non-Indians.Further, there is a proposal to reclassify the tribal governments as states under HSA law which facilitate tribes to receive sufficient federal funding and technical expertise to play a meaningful role in fighting terrorism.During 2003, the Senate Indian Affairs committee time-tested and true to add some amendments to homeland security shaft but it was not successful as some group hit the panic button consumeing that amendment would authorise control over all people for all purposes. The vested group fears that there would be other jurisdictional grabs by the tribal governments and tribes could exert authority over non-Indians by ignoring the fact that non-Indians cannot vote in tribal elections.The proposed amendment which has been officially designated as S.578 and the department itself has supported the outgrowth 12 sections of the amendment or those that would authorise the reclassification of tribal governments as states not local government in dealing with terrorism.But as per Heffelfinger, who is also chairman of the Attorney General Advisory Committees inherent American is sues subcommittee commented that the departments itself is not supporting section 13 , which would offer tribes the power to enforce and adjudicate violations of civil , criminal and restrictive laws committed by any person on land under the jurisdiction of an Indian tribal government.But, as per 2000 census, non Indians account for much than 48% of reservation residents who live on or near Indian reservatio ns from discrimination by state, federal or tribal government or their policies. both(prenominal) critics view the proposed amendment to the Homeland Security Act violates the 1978 Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe rulings where Supreme Court observed that tribes do not have criminal jurisdiction to try and punish non-Indians. In real situation, the state or federal government is toothed with the power to arrest and try criminal offenders who are not Indians on Indian lands. In other words, there is no need to arm the tribal government to initiate criminal proceedings on non-Indians on tribal lands as the state or federal government has adequate power to execute the same. 12.2 OVERBURDENS OF FEDERAL COURTS One the problem faced by tribal is that some of the felonies committed by non-Indians on tribal have been let off due to overburden of cases in federal courts and Supreme Court judgment which had declared that non-Indians can not be prosecuted by the tribal courts.For instance, m ilitary courts do not have jurisdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed militarys interest. In such cases, additional(a) helper United States attorneys SAUSAs have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military personnel office office and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country.2.3 USE OF MEHTAMPHETAMINEAnother issue encountered by the American tribes and tribal groups is their relentless fight against use of methamphetamine which they regard an epidemic on tribal lands. Lummi Nation of Washington, an American tribe is waging war with meth by imposing rigorous punishment to offenders. Some tribes are addressing the issue through new drug courts. Methamphetamine production and trafficking on tribal reservation with huge geographic areas or tribes ad jacent to the U.S. Mexico border is rampant. As the tribal states enjoy sovereign status, criminals are generally not subject to state jurisdiction in most of the cases.As the local law enforcement authorities have no jurisdiction in Indian country and tribal law enforcement agencies lock the responsibility to enforce the relevant law enforcement functions. To combat the use of meth in tribal areas, Indian Tribes Methamphetamine Act of 2007 and Indian Tribes Methamphetamine Reduction Grants Act of 2007 were introduced in January 2007. The legislation would permit Indian tribes to be eligible for funding through the department of Justice to exterminate the scourge of meth production, deal and usage in Native American communities.Enough safeguard measures are built in to neutralize any potential misrepresentation of the above legislations. It has been clearly stated in section 2 a 4 of the bill , the Department of Justices Bureau of Justice Assistance is toothed with power to award appointment funds to a state ,territory or Indian tribe to explore ,detain and indict individuals involved in illegal meth activities. Further, it does not authorize a grantee state, Indian tribe or state to pursue law enforcement activities that it otherwise has short of jurisdictional authority to pursue.2.4 PUBLIC LAW 280Normally, states do not have jurisdiction over the internal legal of the sovereign tribal governments. Under certain circumstances, copulation has extended special exceptions this general principle. Under Public lawfulness 280, six states were given exclusive jurisdiction over the Indian country within the state borders. Thus, states care new York, Kansas have the exclusive right over to prosecute the crime committed within the Indian country as the federal government has ceded its jurisdiction. Federal government ceded their prosecuting authority to states in these states. But it has created unfavorable situations as most states are antipathetical and i ntransigence to cognize crime on Indian reservations seriously.Many state district attorneys are slow to exercise their limited resources on Indian crime. Thus, Public Law 280 has resulted in lawlessness in intimately all Indian reservations. Ceding the federal authority over Indian territories to states has ended in a lacuna. It is painful to note that even if a state government has inherent authority in a specific Indian region, it sometimes lacks institutional strength to exercise authority in that region. Further, there exists eer simmering tension between Indians and state governments. It is to be observed that since Worcester v.Georgia, states have no authority or very little authority over Indian country.The real reason for tension between tribal and state government is the criticism of action of state patrol department as they forever and a day draw on the wrong side of the tribal cultural practices. A study conducted by Carole Goldberg Ambrose2 revealed that relation ships between state and tribal are often got off to potholed and sometime unfeasible. Frequently, California tribal members complained that when state police tried to solve the tribal problems, they often failed as they were disrespectful to tribal sovereignty, lacked cultural compassion and always deployed excessive force.Further, if the alleged offence is a violation of generally applicable federal statutes like tumult and mail theft, the federal government is alone having exclusive jurisdiction to try the offence and natives are not exempted from such offence2.5 OLIPHANT V. SUQUAMISH INDIAN TRIBE- AN ANALYSIS In, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe case, Supreme Court held that as the tribal court lacks inherent jurisdiction to prosecute non-Indians for the felonies committed on Indian jurisdiction and recommended that it is the Congress to decide whether Indians tribes should finally be authorized to try non-Indians . Thus, Supreme Court decision may not be final and binding sin ce Congress retains authority in exercise of its plenary power.Oliphant case bear on around the incidents that happened on the Suquamish arriere pensee located near Port Madison, Washington. Indian tribes had waived all of their land claims in Washington state under the Treaty of Point Elliott which was signed in 1855 and accepted to settle on a 7300 acre reservation located near Seattle. The tribes adopted a criminal code in 1973 and any infringement of tribals criminal code is prosecuted in the Suquamish Indian provisional Court.It is the claim of the tribes that they have jurisdiction to try non-Indians for any violation or infringement in their land. In support of their claim, they have displayed billboards in prominent places at the entrances to the Port Madison Reservation warning the public that entry onto the Reservation would be deemed implied consent to the criminal jurisdiction of the Suquamish tribal court and one may hilarious to note that Suquamish tribal specificall y excluded non-Indians from serving on tribal court as juries.Supreme Court had situated the burden of proof on the tribe to substantiate its contention of jurisdiction. The tribe argued that its jurisdiction over non-Indians emerged involuntarily from the Tribes retained innate powers of government over the Port Madison Indian Reservation. Tribe has argued that flow of criminal jurisdiction is automatic over all persons on a reservation Indian or non-Indian and is arising out of a sine qua non of tribal sovereignty.Supreme Court has rejected the argument of tribal claiming inherent jurisdiction on multiple grounds. Supreme Court concluded that Congress had positively verbalised its intention not to grant Indian tribes the power to punish non-Indian later on thoroughly examining the opinions of attorney generals, memoir of treaties, legislative history and district court decisions. Supreme Court once again asserted that Congress which is being law making authority is having sole discretion to decide whether the tribal can prosecute non-Indians for felonies in their land.In the Oliphants case, Justice Marshall joined by Chief Justice Burger took the antagonist view as the Marshall believed that tribes processed the innate jurisdiction over non-Indians and that congressional action was necessary to strip off Indians of that jurisdiction.Oliphant decision was a major set back to Indian community claim of sovereignty in the following respectIt publicized that Indians were toothless to dissuade non-Indians from committing crimes against them.Tribes viewed that Supreme Court decision had indeed handcuffed their law enforcement activities.Tribes viewed the decision as a major comforter on their powers to safeguard their own people.Decision culminated to an awkward situation to tribes by restricting their power to judge, prosecute or punish with tribal law and tribal courts, the non-Indians who commit felonies on tribal land.2.6 DURO V.REINA- AN ANALYSIS Duro v. Reina is a subsequent case after Oliphant. This case has further minimized the power of the tribal court to punish outsiders , people who are not members of the tribe. Albert Duro was the member of one sect of Indian tribe namely Torres-Maritinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. It was alleged that Duro killed a boy on the Salt River Indian reservation.Salt River Indian tribes attempted to prosecute Duro in their tribal court. The federal district court restrained the Salt River Prima Maricopa Indian Tribe to prosecute Duro who belongs to Torres tribe. Thus, Supreme Court also concurred the federal district court view and held that Indian tribes did not have jurisdiction over Indians who were members of other Indian tribes.This made the Congress to exercise its plenary power and Supreme Court decision was amended or altered by the Congress through amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians.Cr itics view that Supreme Court had crushed the Indian rights is a bit of hypocritical as the Congress can always make use of its plenary power a- showcase of legislative veto to correct the innate relationship as articulated by the Court.2.7 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY OF U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENTAccording to good deal conducted by Justice Department of U.S., American Indians suffer from certain violent crimes like robbery, rape at a rate twice the national average. About 30,000 crimes of violence are committed against Indians each year. Native Indians complained that their attackers were under the influence of alcohol or meth at a sweller than the national average. It is terrible to note that Indians were fatalities of interracial violence at a startling rate of 72% and 91% of sexual assaults against the tribal members. Further, offenders against Indian tribes were about 70%It is to be noted that a crime committed against an Indian by non-Indian which occurs outside of Indian country is su bject to state jurisdiction and therefore is not describe in the above statistics. Thus, the above statistics reveal a disturbing picture of crimes against Indians and Indians face a disproportionately higher rate of violent crimes than any other races in U.S.A.For instance, Indian victims are reporting about 30,000 possible violent crimes to police each year and out of this, police could not solve more than 28,000 incidents or about 94% of the crimes reported remain uninvestigated or go unpunished.Further, Indians are also moved(p) by the property crimes and victimless crimes committed by the non-Indians and these were not included in the above statistics since these were of civil nature. The main reason for such alarming rates of criminal reports are being uninvestigated is mainly due to great distance between federal courts and tribes and overburdened law enforcing department.One of the allegations against Indian judiciary is that Indian courts do not bestow equal justice to no n-Indians. For example, in Oliphant case, the Court took note of the fact that non-Indians were excluded from occupying juries role in Suquamish.Thus, a doubt arises whether non-Indian constitutional right to be tried by an Indian jury could allow unquestionable justice to the accused. The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 ensures basic due process protections to Indians who are tried in tribal courts and to ensure non-Indians offenders rights, the same process of protection can be extended to non-Indians. As such, non-Indians allegation that tribal courts are iniquitous may not hold good.2.8 POSSIBLE SUGGESTIONS FOR AVOIDING OLIPHANT TYPE OF INCIDENTS IN FUTUREFederal court is already overburdened with cases like violations under aPatriotic Act , bMoney Laundering Act 3 RICO 4 Narcotic Offenses 5 Interstate Crimes 6 National Security Offenses 7 Stock Exchange Commission 8 Other type of Crimes .Whereas , offenses committed by non-Indian in tribal areas are of nature of minor offences like 1 reckless or speed driving 2 drunk driving 3 petty assault 4 petty theft 5 Vandalism 6 Littering 7 pose Violations . Naturally federal prosecutors do not give more importance to these offenses and hence lions share of these offenses went unpunished. To instill confidence on tribal community, Congress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as special courts for prosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas. For instance , in the District of North Dakota , Chief Judge Rodney Webb to address the problem faced by Indians against felonies committed by non-Indians held meetings with the officials for their prosecutionAs per ICRA Indian Civil Rights Act, Indian tribes may not impose any penalty or punishment which is longer than for a term of one year and a ticket of $ 5000 or both. This clearly demonstrate that tribal courts have limited authority to try minor offenses like less serious felonies or misdemeanor s there by leaving serious crimes to the federal government .Further, there is a misconception among non-Indians that tribal courts are not like Anglo-American tribunals. It is pertinent to note the remarks made by Justice Rehnquist in Oliphant that some Indian trial court systems have become progressively much swish and resemble in many ways their state counter parts. Hence, non-Indians should be properly educate and Congress should see that they are convinced by drafting a new legislation extending tribal courts power to prosecute non-Indians within the parameters designed by the Congress in this regard.One another indemnification is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. A special assistant district attorney may be appointed to represent the district attorney for a particular case or a special investigating officer may be deputed to execute certified law enforcement functions. Thus, the power to deputize is also known as a statutory gr ant. A statutory grant is having inherent power to specially deputize any higher officials. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would pay off the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not under the tribal laws. CONCLUSION De-facto franchise is being used as scapegoat by non-Indian offenders against Indians. It is really a shame that American judicial system is dissuading Indians to punish the non-Indian offenders who have committed felony in their lands under tribal criminal laws. It is real predicament that majority of the crimes against Indians by non-Indians escape punishment.The Oliphant v Suquamish Indian Tribe case is a severe blow to the Indian legitimate rights which Congress should come forward to redress. Congress should exercise its plenary power as it had done in Supreme Court decision in Duro v.Reina which was later amended or altered by the Congress throug h amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians. Further , to instill confidence on tribal community, Congress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as special courts for prosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas.One another remedy is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would satisfy the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not under the tribal laws. Deputization will assimilate all law enforcement agencies together to work unitedly. Deputization is the need of the hour as it will bring all the parties involved under a single umbrella within the current jurisdictional.Further, as in the case of military courts which do not have ju risdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed militarys interest and in such cases, special assistant United States attorneys SAUSAs have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military personnel and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country.BIBILIOGRAPHYChiu, Elaine M. Culture as Justification, Not Excuse. American Criminal Law look into 43, no. 4 (2006) 1317+.Christofferson, Carla. Tribal Courts Failure to Protect Native American Women A Reevaluation of the Indian Civil Rights Act. Yale Law daybook 101, no. 1 (1991) 169-185.Dutton, Bertha P. American Indians of the Southwest. Revised ed. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press, 1983.French, Laurence Armand. Addictions and Native Americans. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers, 2000.Griffiths, Curt Taylor. N atives and Criminal Justice Policy the Case of Native Policing. Canadian Journal of Criminology 26, no. 2 (1984) 147-160.Henderson, Dwight F. Congress, Courts, and Criminals The Development of Federal Criminal Law, 1801-1829. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1985.Johansen, Bruce Elliott, ed. The Encyclopedia of Native American efficacious Tradition. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1998.La Prairie, Carol. Aboriginal Over-Representation in the Criminal Justice System A Tale of gild Cities. Canadian Journal of Criminology 44, no. 2 (2002) 181+.Lawson, Paul E. When States Attorneys General Write Books on Native American Law A Case Study of Spaeths American Indian Law Desk book. American Indian quarterly 19, no. 2 (1995) 229-236.Nielsen, Marianne O. and Robert A. Silverman, eds. Native Americans, Crime, and Justice. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 1996Nourse, V.F. Reconceptualizing Criminal Law Defenses. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151, no. 5 (2003) 1691+.Parman, Donald Lee. Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century. Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press, 1994.Pevar, Stephen L. The Rights of Indians and Tribes The Basic ACLU Guide to Indian and Tribal Rights. 2nd ed. Carbondale, IL Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press, 1984.Ramirez, Deborah A. A Brief Historical Overview of the Use of the Mixed Jury. American Criminal Law Review 31, no. 4 (1994) 1213-1224.1 Indian Wants Jurisdiction to Combat Terrorism Threat , Washington Times, Jan 26, 2004.2 Carole Goldberg Ambrose, Public Law 280 and the problem of Lawlessness in California Indian Country, 44 UCLA L.Rev. 1405 1997.

The Presence of Horror and Fear in ‘the Monkey’s Paw’ Story Essay Example for Free

The Presence of Horror and Fear in the Monkeys Paw Story raiseThis essay is an analysis of The Monkeys Paw, a standoff short tosh by William Wymark Jacobs. This story is about a talisman that shapes like monkeys paw which has magical powers. It grants leash wishes to its possessor. Its given to one family, conserve, wife, and their son. They wish for some money, and that wish also become true, they add the money, the take in amount they wished for. But actually that money was the compensation for the death of their son that ca employ by the accident. Torturing by the sadness of the dead of her only son, the wife wishes for her son back to life again.When knocking is heard at the door, the husband feels scared about what will happened. And before the wife can opened the door, the husband used the last wish. The knocking stop and when the wife opened the door, no one is there. The essay will be focused on how the speaker brings the horror and fear in this story. There are many slipway how the horror and fear is delivered in this story, but this essay will only take and inform troika of them. The first function that brings horror and fear is the background of the Sergeant-Major Morris as the previous owner of the talisman, how he could get that talisman.The reader can feels that the talisman has a mysterious background from how the Sergeant-Major feels uncomfortable when telling about the talisman. The pass regarded him the way that middle age is wont to regard presumptious youth. I have, he said quietly, and his blotchy flavor whitened. It can be enamourn that the Major seems too quiet and too afraid for the man that wants to tell the story about the talisman that can granted wishes. Second, the horror and fear come up to the climax through and through the action or response the husband and wife after the death of their son.The fight between the husband and the wife about the wish to revive their only son also bring the reader feels the horro r and fear. The old man turned and regarded her, and his voice shook. He has been dead ten days, and besides he I would not tell you else, but I could only recognize him by his clothing. If he was terrible for you to see then, how now? it brings the readers get the imagination how scary in looks if the son come back to life. The last thing that is, how the narration also supports to create a horror and fear atmosphere in the story.The best instance can be seen from the last event. But her husband was on his hand s and knees groping wildly on the floor in search of the paw. If only he could find it before the thing remote got in. A perfect fusillade of knocks reverberated through the house, and he heard the scraping of a chair as his wife put it down in the passage against the door. He heard the creaking of the bolt as it came slowly back, and at the same moment he found the monkeys paw, and frantically voiceless his third and last wish. The narrations which explain about the setting, the situation and condition also take an important single-valued function to raise the tension of fear in this short story.In sum, there are many slipway of how the speaker is delivered the horror and fear of this short story. Three of them are The background of the Sergeant-Major Morris as the previous owner of the talisman, The action or response from the husband and wife about the wish to revive their son, How the narration explain the setting, situation, and condition in this story with a spooky ways. There are still many others ways how the speaker brings the horror and fear in this story that make this story become a serious horror story.

Kazakhstans Rough Road to Wto Accession Essay Example for Free

Kazakhstans Rough Road to Wto Accession Essay notwithstanding dialogue with the WTO chief revealed a number of hurdles blocking Kazakhstans entrance into the WTO, particularly agricultural rectify (Kazakhstanskaya pravda, August 27). Over the last decade the politics has taken steps to increase agricultural power through land privatization and financial support for farmers. But these half-hearted measures have failed to produce radical changes. Most downcast farmers and individual households cannot secure bank credits due to senior high interest rates. Without credit, it is difficult to increase production. intercommunicate one month ago in Petropavlovsk, North Kazakhstan, an expert from Kazakhstans Ministry of Agriculture, Akzhol Abdukalimov, noted that the country lags at least three years behind Russia in terms of processing its agricultural yield. He added that only 19 of Kazakhstans more than 600 agricultural processing enterprises were planning to introduce ISO interna tional quality standards. Inefficient processing facilities and high production costs argon among the main factors that make Kazakh agricultural produce uncompetitive even in domestic markets.Abdukalimov admitted that Kazakhstan still imports 88% of its condensed milk, 70% of its cooking oil, and 30% of its sausages. Last year only 16% of the meat and 13% of the milk produced in Kazakhstan were processed. The poor state of agricultural production minimizes the overall feeling of the much-trumpeted positive economic performance. The national Statistical Agency registered 9. 1% GDP growth in the branch half of this year. But the growth in agricultural celestial sphere was a paltry 5. 2%, compared to a 9. % increase in industrial output and 12% growth in transport and communications. Not surprisingly, these evident statistical gains are actively used for propaganda purposes. Recently anchor Minister Danial Akhmetov boasted that the high economic achievements enter in Kazakhstan f or five consecutive years were characteristic of the states that hold leading positions in the world. Many analysts are more cautious in forecasting the pace of the economy in coming years. They attribute the plastered GDP growth to rising oil prices in the world market over last five years.Other trends are cause for alarm. The production of goods in Kazakhstan makes up only 41% of the economy, whereas the service sector holds 53. 5%. In reality, the annual GDP growth rate is much slower in Kazakhstan than in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, where the economy is beginning to outpace the performance of Kazakhstan (Epoha, August 20). The complex relations among the Central Asian states help explain the political value Astana sees in gaining WTO membership.Kazakhstan, praised by Washington as a leading market economy in Central Asia, had its pride wounded when Kyrgyzstan became the first in the neck of the woods to join the World Trade Organization. While Russia and Kazakhstan have declared their intention to synchronize WTO accession efforts inside the Eurasian Economic Community, little substantive work has been done. Dozens of interstate and intergovernmental agreements aimed at regulating line tariffs and removing customs barriers remain largely unimplemented.Nevertheless, on August 24 Prime Minister Akhmetov, in talks with CIS executive committee chairman Vladimir Rushailo, resurrected the subject of integration within the CIS and coordinated entry into WTO. Yet the Prime Ministers optimism contrasts with reality. Many regional managers are from the older generation and offer stiff resistance to the introduction of ISO standards. They privilege closer ties with Russia and harbor suspicion of international institutions like the WTO.The most widespread fear is that, if Kazakhstan becomes the member of the WTO, international goods will flood domestic markets, driving local industries to ruin. However, there is a growing recognition that Kazakhstan o f necessity WTO membership. Although no date has been set for Kazakhstans WTO accession, it is becoming clear that the country will join this organization. Earlier this year, the government launched an industrial innovation program to stimulate the introduction of high-tech methods into the production process.

The quality of life for all humans Essay Example for Free

The gauge of life for all humans EssayIf the governments of the world adopted a socialist philosophy and economy, in recognition of the fact that we are all stuck on this rock unneurotic, the quality of life for all humans would greatly improve.First, there would no longer be a take away for war. With a sense of global community and the accompanying economy there wouldnt be any want to wage wars with eachformer(a). at that place would be no super-powers, no struggle to attain land or control natural resources. Humans are the only animals in nature that kill each other for reasons of greed and power. How refreshing it would be to finally evolve beyond our current bellicose nature. If we banned in concert as a world wide society, we could, at long last, live in peace.Next, we could direct our resources and efforts toward flake the diseases that afflict us. A socialist-based economy would practically eliminate hunger by providingenough sustenance for everyone, and that would in effect end our battle with malnutrition. With stunned the political walls put up by governments around scientific andmedical research, we would be able to pool our receiptledge and further advance our understanding of medicine. Searching for cures and treatments of diseases would nolonger be a competitive, profitable endeavor.Finally, the only way humans as a race can bank to progress is first by becoming peaceful in nature and, secondly, by joining together and concentrating our efforts on gaining an understanding for where we fit in the universe. We would all benefit from such a focusing of effort. When we substitution our attention from the rat-race pursuit of going to work just to maintain what weve acquired, to a more meaningful require for real understanding, we truly will separate ourselves form the animals.Theexploration of our universe, for example, is in its zygote stage we know little enough about the community in which we live. How can we be so egocentric as a rac e to be on a tiny planet in a bulky universe and not explore our surroundings with sincerity, as we fight over narrow strips of real earth? Perhaps through the exploration of space we may encounter other forms of life,possibly even intelligent. Statistically, it is exceedingly unlikely we are the only place in the whole universe where life exists. Seeking out other forms of life and even communicating with them would move us toward being involved in a universal community. But our first step must be taken here on our substructure planet.Socialism is this first required step in allowing man to reach his potential. It would provide an environment in which a greater understanding would evolve. We could be free of wars, disease and other problems that plague us today. There would be less need for a government and more resources would become available for meaningful purposes.

Foregrounding Techniques in the Yellow Dog by Martin Amis Essay Example for Free

Foregrounding Techniques in the Yellow pawl by Martin Amis EssayThe second half of the XX century is defined as the Postmodern age in the development of civilization. It has been singled out into a separate period because of certain changes in human thought, introduction view and mode of living. The world has changed much since the beginning of the twentieth century there has occurred a fast development in contemporary technology which revolutionized our way of thinking. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is disfranchised to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. However, unifying features oftentimes coincide with Jean-Francois Lyotards concept of the meta-narrative and little narrative, Jacques Derridas concept of play, and Jean Baudrillards simulacra. For example, instead of the modernist call for for meaning in a chaotic world, the postmodern author eschews, often playfully, the possibility of meaning, and the postmodern smart is often a parody of this quest. This distrust of totalizing mechanisms extends even to the author thus postmodern writers often take note chance over craft and employ metafiction to undermine the authors univocal control (the control of only wizness voice).The distinction between high and low culture is also attacked with the employment of pastiche, the combination of multiple ethnical elements including subjects and genres not previously deemed fit for literature. A list of postmodern authors often varies the following are many names of authors often so classified, most of them belonging to the generation born in the interwar period. Her father was a barrister and later a judge her mother was a former elementary schoolteacher, neurotic and frustrated, angrily discontent at being a full-time housewife. Both came from working-class families but had studied at Cambridge, and the home plate was one of books, book talk, and s lamming doors.Many comparisons are possible in discussions of these novellas, both comparisons of the novellas to each other and of one or both to other works by A. S. Byatt. The Victorian setting, not paralleled here by a modern setting as it is in Possession, may stimulate discussion of the strengths and shortcomings of picVictorian society and how it compares to modern society. The reprize voice of postmodern fiction presents a challenge because it requires that we question the way we read and interpret not only postmodern literature but also literature as a whole.

Chinese Philosophies Essay Essay Example for Free

Chinese Philosophies rise EssayFrom 1027-221 BCE, the Zhou era, Chinese philosophers offered insights into how humans should behave in regard to their families, the state, and nature. Different philosophers tried to acquire a similar goal of having a regular Chinese ships comp either, but they all had vastly divers(prenominal) methods of achieving this goal. thither were three different schools of Chinese thought that all tried to chance on the goal of having a undisturbed society that lived in harmony. All of these caprices were exceptionally diverse and they all varied in different ideas. Daoism show harmony with nature Confucianism emphasized the harmony of relationships and Legalism emphasized the harmony of a well-regulated state. The Three Schools of Chinese thought, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism had study impact on Chinese History both politically and socially for they individually promoted a different approach to achieve a regular society. Confucianism is a doctrine that pushed for a well-ordered society by emphasizing human relationships, a righteous leader, and a good education.The discoverer of this idea was Confucius, a philosopher and teacher. He grew up in the period of Eastern Zhou, the age of a hundred schools. His goal was to transform the Chinese society into a state of coherence and righteous. He planned this goal was to be achieved by mostthing called filial piety, devotion and service to parents, ancestors, and superiors. He found filial piety important because he believed it would make the battalion act lesson. An other way he planned to achieve this goal was having a wise and moral leader that was able to set good ideals for his people.The Analects state that Confucius said If you preside over them with dignity, they go out be reverent if you are filial and loving, they will be loyal if you promote the good and nurture the incapable, they will be mutually encouraging. This proves that he believed the princip le should often set a good example for his people in order for them to be moral and show goodness. Another factor that played a huge role in Confucianism was the human relationships.The emphasized relationships were ruler-people parent-child husband-wife elder sibling- younger sibling and friend to friend. These relationships were crucially important because Confucius believed each person had obligations to fulfill and a certain stance in society. And to fulfill those duties each person was expected to behave. Also the goodness of the people was expected to start at the home. He said, further when the roots are well planted will the Way grow This reveals that the longer moral slipway have appeared the more moral the person is likely to be.But if you juxtaposed the other two philosophies compared to Confucianism you would perform that are extremely different. In the contrary one of the other philosophies, Legalism, is much different than Confucianism and is a cud harsher. Legal ism overly had the goal of well-ordered society but had different idea of achieving this unwashed goal. The dynasties that used the idea of Legalism were the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty used Legalism to the full extent while the Han Dynasty infused Confucianism and Legalism together.Han Feizi, the prince of the Han dynasty, through his writings outlined how to maintain a invariable society through laws, punishments and other factors. He believed that one way to reach a well-ordered society was to have a exigent and besotted ruler. Quoted from The Writings Of Master Han Fei, Fei said, If conformers to law are affectionate, the country is strong if conformers to law are weak, the country is weak . From this you can conclude that Han Fei truly believed that a harsh ruler was the key to a successful society.Another aspects that contributed to the success of the community were to have enforced laws. As state from The Writings of Master Han Fei To govern the state by law is to praise the right and blame the wrong. This reveals that Han Fei also thought that through praising the good people and punishing the bad the society would be well-ordered. Which also shows that Han Fei believed in harsh punishments to tame the people of his country. A final belief of Legalism was a strong base of naive realism contradictory to idealism.Realism was encouraged because Fei thought a strong dose of realism was needed to bring his present-day world out of the chaos that beset it In other lyric poem means idealism was not a strict enough way to achieve a well-ordered society. But the idea of Daoism would strongly disagree with the previous concepts. Daoism, also known as The Way That Is and Is non , enormously differs from the other two philosophies. Daoism was used in the time period of the Eastern Zhou.The originator of this philosophy was Laozi, an old master, who was supposedly immortal. Laozi was against Confucianism and its concepts and per ceived things from a diverse view. The goal of Daoism was to maintain a common goal of a well-ordered society. But he planned to attain this goal by next The Law of The Dao is its being what it is. Which simply means things are the way they are and you should not interfere. He wanted the people to follow their Dao, their destiny, something youre naturally good at that doesnt take any effort.And he believed by just doing that the society would be in harmony with nature. An additional way to achieve his goal was to have hands off government and ruler that were not strict or important to the society. This is proven in The Dao Dejing it says, I will do nothing, and the people will be transformed of themselves I will be fond of keeping relieve, and the people will of themselves become correct In other words Laozi expected the ruler to let the people govern themselves and learn from their own mistakes as opposed to having laws to obey.Which also relates to a concept that is well known to most Daosist called Nonaction. In summary in Daoism to achieve the goal of having a well-ordered society you must follow your dao and be in harmony with nature. In conclusion The Three Schools of Chinese thought, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism had major impact on Chinese History both politically and socially for they each promoted a different approach to achieve a well-ordered society. They also still have an impact on todays modern society.Each one of these philosophies have some how branched off to trusts or philosophes that are still encouraged today. For example Daoism also helped mold the religion of Buddhism. Legalism appears in several of countries around the world where the rulers of a society give there people strict laws with cruel punishments. And for Confucianism Chinese societys still focus on having relationships with people closest to them. thus it was extremely important that these philosophies were studied and discovered.

STEEPLE and Balance Scorecard Essay Example for Free

steeple and Balance posting EssayWhen a stiff uses an remote consultant to solve a problem or prize an opportunity the consultant can use STEEPLE (social, technical, economic, surroundal, legal, and ethical), which is a preliminary analysis technique to dish up why the trade organic law or systems exist (Wickham, Wickham, 2008, p. 128). This analysis the consultant preforms table services to determine how the loaded short letter organisation fits in its external environment. The consultant can also use the balances scorecard to measure the financial and non-financial instruction execution of the unwavering. The consultant provide use the STEEPLE and Balance add-in to analyze Phillip-Morris introduction of its electronic cigarettes in the market. In addition, the consultant will make any recommendation to Phillip-Morris from the results of the STEEPLE and Balance Scorecard analysis.STEEPLE AnalysisThe STEEPLE analysis is and extension of the PEST analysis. The PES T analysis acronym stands for political, economical, social, and technological factors the libertine may face in its external environment. This analysis is a form of system analysis that provides a bodily structure for examining elements from the larger system of which the firm is a part of (Gustafson, 2002, p. 134) The STEELPE analysis includes the factors of the PEST analysis with the additions of the legal, environment, and ethical factors the firm can also face in its external environment. The consultant will examine the seven external environmental factors to solve the firms problem or opportunity in the market sociological factors are trends and attitudes that can affect buying behaviors. The contradict promotional material that firms, such as Phillip-Morris on the effect of smoking cigarettes, has altered societies view of Phillip-Morris. This has led to millions of individuals to stop smoking to improve his or her health status. expert factors- Technology is constantly changing. This trend is that advanced technology generates new questions. The question for Phillip-Morris is does the firm start out the noesis for the design, harvestion, and deli real of the product? If not, where can the firm gain the knowledge to vex such a product or use a third party to enhance it. Economic factors- the consultant will reckon at if the target market can afford the product. In addition, the consultant essential look at if the Phillip-Morris can afford to borrow the necessary funds to produce the product. Environmental Factors- The consultant look at how the e-cigarettes will be packaged and what type of chemicals is going to be used in the production of the product. Depending on the package materials and the chemicals that are used in the production of the product can have a negative effect on the environment.Green issues are important in society today, and the firm must strickle the issues of protecting the environment in consideration when producin g any product. Political and legal factors- relates to the government of a countries federal, state, and topical anaesthetic law passed by various governmental agencies. In this analysis the consultant must look at what laws and the attitudes of government agencies have been made for regulating smoking e-cigarettes. Ethical Factors- The consultant must look at how the product will be packaged, design and the marketing campaign to influence consumers to buy the product. This is because the negative publicity cigarettes firms marketing, packaging, and design its products to minors. If the product is produced to make smoking e-cigarettes is cool this can have a negative touch on on the accompany, because it can entice minors to use the product. After conducting the STEEPLE analysis the consultant must determine where the firm has strengthens, weakness, threats, and opportunities in the internal and external environment.Phillip-Morris has a negative sociological factor regarding the views of consumers who uses the firms products. This negative view has made millions of customers to stop using the firms products. The technological factor, Phillip-Morris has does not have the knowledge of producing e-cigarettes. The firm will have to rely on a third party to produce the product. With the company not having the technology or the technical know how to produce e-cigarettes the price of the product can be very expensive. This has a negative affect on the economical factor, because many consumers may not be able to afford theproduct. In addition, by the firm using a third party to produce the product the firm does not assume the risk of borrowing the necessary funds. The firm will not have any negative environmental factors of producing the product, because the third party will assume the risk.However, Phillip-Morris does impact the environment with its modern production of making cigarettes. In the political and legal issues the firm can face is very limited. Phill ip-Morris will have to comply with federal, state, and local laws governing the legal age requirement for purchasing the product. The firm will have ethical issues if the packaging, design, and marketing is promoting the alternative way of smoking as cool. This can entice young society members to purchase and use the product. However, if its marketing, packaging, and design is to provide adults an alternative and health way of smoking. This will show society that the firm cares about the health of its customers and those who are affected by second sink smoke.Balance ScorecardThe balance scorecard gives the organization a total management system to help clarify its vision and outline. In addition, this technique gives the usable data for the organization to take appropriate business actions, provides feedback to the internal business processes and the external outcomes to improve the firms strategic performance. According to the article Using the Balance Scorecard, write by Kaplan and Norton (1996), (pp. 75-85) the balance scorecard has four perspectives of Financial Perspectives- Phillip-Morris must balance its business functions which as been allocated crosswise the organization. If the Phillip-Morris decides to increase its economic growth it can do this through a productivity strategy. Phillip-Morris can get the direct and indirect expense to improve cost, or reduce working and fixed capital to enforce its assets to support the business Customer Perspectives- The prize proposition of the customer is the mix of products, price, service, relationship, and Phillip-Morris image.With this perspective Phillip-Morris will have to take on its competition. The company will have to differentiate its value proposition. Phillip-Morris can do this by selecting different operational excellence, customer intimacy, and product leadership. Business Process Perspectives-This matric allows management to understand how efficiently the organization is performing. It also helps Phillip-Morris to understand ifits products or services is carry outing the customers needs. In addition, this perspective makes sure that the organization is align with the four high level business process of Building franchisesIncrease customer valueAchieving operational excellencesPhillip-Morris becoming a good corporate citizenLearning and Growth Perspectives- This perspective looks at the employee occupational group growth, training, and the corporate culture for individual and the firms self-improvement. In addition, it looks at the knowledge enhancements that Phillip-Morris has to communicate with employees and a mentor program. If Phillip-Morris can enhance employees learning and growth it can have a workforce to meet the firms strategic position. These perspectives allow the development of metrics, data analysis, and collection for the firm. Phillip-Morris is the largest tobacco firms and has a clear objective for its current and potential stockholders. This objecti ve can be to improve the financial side of the firm. In this case the firm has the motivation to have long-term shareholder value, and avoiding the ethical issues that is associated with tobacco companies. By doing this Philip-Morris will neglect the customer, business process, and learning and growth perspective of the balance scorecard. Phillip-Morris must develop a different business strategy to have a more balanced scorecard.RecommendationsThe STEEPLE analysis shows Phillip-Morris has a negative sociological and technological factor. There are no environmental factors in producing e-cigarettes, and the political and legal issues will be the comparable as other(a) tobacco products. The ethical factors can be a negative or constructive depending on how the company package, design, and market the product. Phillip-Morris balance scorecard focuses on the financial perspective, while neglecting the three other perspectives. With Phillip-Morris focusing on the financial perspective, and without the technical know how. It is recommended that Phillip-Morris look for a third party to produce its e-cigarettes. It is also the recommendation for Phillip-Morris to enter in a joint venture so it can gain the technical knowledge and have a completebalance scorecard.ReferencesGustafson, K. (2002). The future of instructional design. In R. Rieser J. Dempsey (Eds.), Trends and issues in instructional design and technology (pp. 333-343). Upper Saddle River, N.J. Merril/Prentice Hall Kaplan, R.S., Norton, D.P. (1996, January-February). Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System. Harvard Business Review, 74(1), 75-85. ESBCO Host. Wickham, P., Wickham, L. (2008). Management consulting Delivering an effective project (3rd ed.). Harlow, England Pearson